Re-Take Test #3

Front 1

Neurons can have multiple.....

Back 1

dendrites; axons

Front 2

The general order of information

The general order of information to & from the central nervous system is:

Back 2

Afferent in -> Info processing -> Efferent out

Front 3

Cell Body

Back 3

The portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus

Front 4

Dendrite

Back 4

Branches that bring graded potentials toward the cell body

Front 5

Telodendria

Back 5

The end branches of the axon

Front 6

Node of Ranvier

Back 6

Open spaces between portions of myelin sheath

Front 7

Axon Hillock

Back 7

The point where the axon attaches to the cell body

Front 8

Afferent info is collected from ________ and brought to the ________ for processing

Back 8

receptors: CNS

Front 9

A type of neuron that has many dendrites connected directly to the cell body along with one axon would be called a(n):

Back 9

Multipolar Neuron

Front 10

In a synapse, the cell membrane the releases neurotransmitters is also known as the:

Back 10

Presynaptic membrane

Front 11

Neurotransmitters produced in the cell body must be transported down the axon for release at the terminals by:

Back 11

Anterograde transport

Front 12

The most abundant type of neuron in the body, used for processing of info in the CNS, is the ____________ neuron.

Back 12

Association (interneuron)

Front 13

This type of neuroglial cells is involved in the production and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid:

Back 13

Ependymal Cells

Front 14

This type of neuroglial cell is involved in myelinating axons in the CNS:

Back 14

Microglia

Front 15

This type of neuroglial cell is involved in the engulfing of waste products, bacteria, and virus in the CNS:

Back 15

Schwann Cells

Front 16

This type of neuroglial cell is involved in maintaining the internal enviornment of ganglia outside the CNS.

Back 16

Satellite Cells

Front 17

This type of neuroglial cell is involved in myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system:

Back 17

Schwann Cells

Front 18

Infections within the brain are difficult to treat because the ________ created by neuroglia called _______ prevents antibiotics from entering the brain.

Back 18

Blood-brain barrier; astrocytes

Front 19

By physical size, the largest portion of the brain is the .....

Back 19

Cerebrum

Front 20

The brainstem is divided into four major portions. From inferior to superior, the portions are the:

Back 20

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, diencephalon

Front 21

The _______ is a large collection of myelinated axon fibers that allow communication from one hemisphere of the cerebrum to the other. These fibers, because they cross from left to right (and vice versa).

Back 21

Corpus Callosum; projection

Front 22

The lobe of the cerebrum that is not readily visible from the surface is the....

Back 22

Insula

Front 23

The primary somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum, which is the first area that processes the sense of touch from the skin, is located where?

Back 23

Postcentral Sulcus

Front 24

The area of the brain involved in sending motor signals to the skeletal muscles of the body (the primary motor cortex) is the:

Back 24

Precentral gyrus

Front 25

The primary visual cortex is located in the:

Back 25

Occipital Lobe

Front 26

A place you can find gray matter of cerebrum is within the _________ and it contains the _______ of neurons.

Back 26

Any of these would be correct

A. Basal nuclei; cell bodies

B. Cerebral cortex; cell bodies

C. Basal nuclei; dendrites

D. Cerebral cortex; dendrites

Front 27

The meninges surround and help protect the brain. The correct order of the meningeal layers from superficial to deep is:

Back 27

Periosteal Dura Mater> Meningeal Dura Mater> Arachnoid Mater> Periosteal Dura Mater

Front 28

Ventricles of the brain are filled with ______ and the ventricle between the cerebellum and the brain stem is known as the ________ ventricle.

Back 28

Cerebrospinal fluid; third

Front 29

The ventricles located within the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain are the:

Back 29

Lateral ventricles

Front 30

Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain in a space between the meningeal layers called the _______ space.

Back 30

Subarachnoid

Front 31

Hypothalamus

Back 31

Contains regions dealing with hunger, thirst, body temp.

Front 32

Thalamus

Back 32

Routes important sensory info to the cerebral cortex

Front 33

Midbrain

Back 33

Contains regions dealing with auditory/visual reflexes

Front 34

Pons

Back 34

Contains fibers that connect to the cerebellum

Front 35

Medulla Oblongata

Back 35

Contains regions dealing with heart rate, blood pressure

Front 36

The ___________ gland hangs from the hypothalamus, while the ________ gland is located in the epithalamus.

Back 36

pituitary; pineal

Front 37

The thalamus is responsible for routing all the following incoming sensory inputs to the correct cortex of the cerebrum EXCEPT:

Back 37

Frontal

Front 38

Generally, most auditory processing and memory are located in which lobe of the cerebrum?

Back 38

Temporal

Front 39

Processing somatosensory input and intergrating your sensory info to create a 3 dimensional representation of the world around you is the job of this lobe.

Back 39

Parietal

Front 40

This lobe of the cerebrum is involved in the processing of various aspects that "spill over" to it from surrounding lobes, like gustatory processes, olfactory processing, auditory processing, etc.

Back 40

Insula

Front 41

The area of the brain that deals with understanding written and spoken speech is the ______ area, and is almost always located in the ___________ cerebral hemisphere.

Back 41

Wernickes; left

Front 42

After a stroke, your patient's speech is slow and labored, but what they can say makes sense, and they seem to have no trouble understanding your questions. There seems to be no problems with the patient's vision or sense of touch, but movement on the right side of the body is impaired. Which brain area(s) would likely be damaged? (THINK ABOUT WHAT FUNCTION EACH PART HAS)

Back 42

Broca's Area and Left Precentral gyrus

Front 43

After a stroke, a patient is able to speak and comprehend speech normally, and their sense of touch and ability to move seem unaffected. However, they are unable to see anything in their left field of vision. Which area(s) would likely be damaged?

Back 43

Right Occipital Lobe

Front 44

A violinist suffers a blow to the head. After the injury, they are no longer able to play the violin easily, though other motor functions seem to be fine. In other words, they seem to have lost the muscle memory that allowed them to play the violin with ease. What part of the brain may be damaged in this instance?

Back 44

Basal Nuclei

Front 45

After a stroke, a patient suffers from ataxia, which is clumsy, uncoordinated, unbalanced movement of the body. Speech, sight, hearing, somatosensory, and memory are all normal. Which part(s) of the brain may be damaged in this instance?

Back 45

Cerebellum

Front 46

After a stroke, a formely happy-go-lucky patient has become sad and arguementative. They also are no longer able to decide things quickly, through speech, hearing, sight, somatosensory, and movement are all unaffected. Which part of the brain may be damaged in this instance?

Back 46

Frontal Lobe (pre-frontal area)

Front 47

Denticulate Ligaments

Back 47

Pia mater extensions that laterally stabilize the cord

Front 48

Anterior Median Fissure

Back 48

Large groove on the front of the spinal cord

Front 49

Posterior Median Sulcus

Back 49

Small groove on the back of the spinal cord

Front 50

Anterior Root

Back 50

Carries motor info away from the spinal cord

Front 51

Posterior Root

Back 51

Carries sensory info to the spinal cord

Front 52

Spinal Nerve

Back 52

The anterior root and posterior root join to form this.

Front 53

Anterior Horn

Back 53

Gray matter, contains neurons for motor processing

Front 54

Posterior Horn

Back 54

Gray matter, contains neurons for sensory processing

Front 55

Anterior Column

Back 55

White matter, carries motor away from the brain

Front 56

Posterior Column

Back 56

White matter, carries sensory toward the brain

Front 57

The enlargement of the spinal cord that contains the neurons needed to control the muscles of the muscles of the arms and hands is known as the __________ enlargement.

Back 57

cervical

Front 58

The spinal nerve exits the spinal column and immediate splits. One branch it splits into is the ___________, which carries motor and sensory information to and from the muscle and skin just along in the spinal cord in the back of the body.

Back 58

Posterior Ramus

Front 59

From superficial to deep, the three connective tissue layers located in a nerve fiber are the:

Back 59

Epineurium -> perineurium -> endoneurium

Front 60

A peripheral nerve in the body contains primarily which part of the neuron carrying signals from one part of the body to another?

Back 60

Axons

Front 61

The skin that one spinal nerve innervates is called a(n):

Back 61

Dermatome

Front 62

The neurotransmitter most closely associated with Parkison's disease and addiction is:

Back 62

Dopamine

Front 63

This neurotransmitter is always inhibitory and acts by opening ligand-gated chloride ion channels:

Back 63

GABA

Front 64

What is the large advantage that chemical synapses provide over electrical synapses?

Back 64

Chemical synapses allow for information processing to occur

Front 65

Two possible types of post-synaptic potentials (PSPS) are:

Back 65

Excitatory and inhibitory

Front 66

A dendrite is triggered with numerous EPSP's all at the same time, bringing the membrane to threshold. This is known as:

Back 66

Spatial Summation

Front 67

The process of converting information into a series of action potentials within neurons is known as:

Back 67

Neural coding

Front 68

The arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal causes the release of ________________ into the synaptic cleft.

Back 68

neurotransmitters

Front 69

To end an ESP or IPSP, neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse by:

Back 69

a. reuptake of the neurotransmitters

b. Destruction of the neurotransmitters by enzymes

c. Both A and B are ways are removing neurotransmitters

D. Neither A nor B remove the neurotransmitters from the synapse

The answer is C

Front 70

The most common type of synapse in the nervous system is the _______________ synapse.

Back 70

chemical

Front 71

Whether or not a neurotransmitter will cause an EPSP or an IPSP is determined primarily by:

Back 71

the type of receptors that the neurotransmitter binds to on the post-synaptic membrane

Front 72

Whether or not the EPSP's and IPSP's that a neuron receives will cause an action potential to be generated in that neuron is dependent on whether the membrane of the __________ reaches threshold potential.

Back 72

axon hillock

Front 73

1. Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis '

2. Neurotransmitter bind to receptors on the post-synaptic cell

3. An action potential reaches the axon terminal

4. Ligand-gated channels on the postsynaptic cell open

5. Voltage-gated calcium channels open: calcium enters the axon terminal

6. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft

7. neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is destroyed

Back 73

3, 5,1,6, 2, 4, 7