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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the eruption times for deciduous incisors in the horse?
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I1 (central incisor): 6 days
I2 (middle incisor): 6 weeks I3 (corner incisor): 6-9 months |
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What are the eruption times for permanent incisors in the horse?
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I1 (central incisor): 2 1/2 years
I2 (middle incisor): 3 1/2 years I3 (corner incisor): 4 1/2 years |
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What is the most common dental disorder in horses?
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laceration of the cheeks/tonge by sharp dental overgrowths on the buccal edges of maxillary cheek teeth and lingual edges of mandibular cheek teeth
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What are the eruption times for cheek teeth?
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Pm2: 2 1/2
Pm3: 3 Pm4: 4 M1: 1 M2: 2 M3: 3 1/2 |
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"Slope Mouth" or "slant mouth" is usually associated with _____.
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unilateral cheek teeth abnormalities
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Lower canine teeth are susceptible to _____ because they do not occlude with the upper teeth.
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extensive calculus accumulation
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Name two difficulties found when extracting canine teeth.
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-unerupted crown can be 7.5cm long
-root is at right angles |
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Mandibular wolf teeth are ___, but may ____ and so are frequently extracted.
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rare; interfere with the bit
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The _____ can be lacerated during wolf teeth extraction, possibly leading to ____ and ___.
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-greater palatine artery
-infections -tetanus |
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75% of quidding is attributable to what dental condition?
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diastema
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What is the most painful equine dental disease?
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Diastema
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Name 4 treatments for diastema(ta).
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-high pressure water pick or salt/chlorhexidine was
-reduce by using filler -extraction of a tooth on either side -eliminate long fibre food -widen using bur |
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What is meant by the term "anisognathia"?
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maxillary arcades are spaced ~23% wider apart than the mandibular arcades
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In bit-induced injuries of the mandibular interdental space, what four conditions may occur?
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-periostitis
-sequestration of the mandibular cortex -fracture -bone infection (may lead to apical infection) |
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In a simple dental fracture, compared to a compound, there is no _____.
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pulp involvement
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Idiopathic slab fractures of the cheek teeth commonly occur through ____.
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the two lateral pulp cavities
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Where are saggital (midline) fractures of the cheek teeth always found?
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In the maxillary teeth as these are the only ones with 6 pulp cavities
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What are the three type of oral tumours?
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-amelioblastoma
-odontoma -cementoma |
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What is indicated with all dental treatments?
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tetanus prophylaxis
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Name four potential causes of periapical infection in cheek teeth
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-haematogenous spread (anachoresis)
-deep infundibular caries -deep periodontal disease -fracture |
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What radiographic signs might indicate the presence of a periapical infection?
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-periapical lucency
-periapical sclerosis -reactive cement deposition -draining tracts -fluid lines (sinusitis) -clubbing of the teeth due to destruction of the roots |
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What structure is at risk of damage during repulsion of a maxillary cheek tooth?
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the naso-lacrimal duct
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What structures are at risk of damage during lateral buccotomy extraction of a cheek tooth?
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-buccal nerve (CN VII)
-parotid duct |
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What are common clinic signs seen with pharyngeal dysphagia?
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-masticated food in both nasal cavities
-coughing |
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Name 3 congenital causes of pharyngeal dysphagia.
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-neuromuscular pharyngeal disorders
-cleft palate -subepiglottic cysts |
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What structures are found in the lateral guttural pouch and are prone to damage in guttural pouch mycosis?
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-Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII
-Cranial Sympathetic trunk (leading to Horner's Syndrome) -Internal Carotid Artery -Cranial Cervical Ganglion -Pharyngeal branch of CN X on the pouch floor -Cranial Laryngeal Nerve (CN X) on the pouch floor |
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What clinical signs are seen with Horner's Syndrome in the horse?
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-myosis
-ptosis -enophthalmos -unilateral facial sweating |
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What structures are found in the medial guttural pouch and are prone to damage in guttural pouch mycosis?
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-External Carotid artery
-Maxillary artery -Digastricus muscle (ventro-lateral wall) -Facial nerve along caudo-dorsal aspect |
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In what common cause of pharyngeal dysphagia is coughing NOT a clinical sign?
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Strangels (streptococcus equi) infection
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Name 3 causes of laryngeal dysphagia in the horse.
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-epiglottitis
-sub-epiglottic cysts -arytenoid chondritis or granulomas |
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Name 2 infectious causes of pharyngeal dysphagia.
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-Guttural pouch mycosis
-Strangles (strep equi) |
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What are 4 causes of oesophageal dysphagia?
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-oesophageal obstruction (choke)
-oesophageal stricture -oesophageal diverticulum -oesophageal perforation |
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What are the 2 types of oesophageal diverticula?
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-pulsion (diverticulum of the mucosa)
-traction (adhesion/scarring of lumen; carries a better prognosis) |
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What small intestinal structures can be exteriorized during colic surgery?
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-Jejunum (17-28m long) attached to long (50cm) mesojejunum
-Proximal Ileum (70-80cm), more muscular, antimesenteric band (ileocecal fold -> dorsal taenial band of caecum) |
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Name three causes of non-strangulating lesions of the small intestine.
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-ileal/jejunal impaction
-intestinal neoplasia -anterior enteritis |
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Name 5 causes of strangulating lesions of the small intestine.
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-pedunculated lipoma (most common)
-small intestinal volvulus (more common in foals) -intussusceptions -thromboembolic colic (d/t migrating strongylus vulgaris larvae) -small intestinal entrapment |
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Ileo-caecal intussuceptions are associated with ____ while jejuno-jejunal intussesceptions are seen in ____.
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Ileo-caecal intussuceptions are associated with Anoplecephala perfoliata infestation while jejuno-jejunal intussesceptions are seen in foals.
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What are the 6 locations in which small intestine may become entrapped?
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-Epiploic foramen: bounded by CVC, caudate lobe of liver, pancreas, and hepatic portal vein
-Herniation through mesenteric root -Gastro-splenic ligament (rare) -Inguinal/scrotal hernia -Umbilical hernia -Diaphragmatic hernia (rare) |
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What portions of the large intestine may be exteriorized during laparotomy?
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-apex and part of the caecal body
-LVC -LDC -transverse colon -small colon |
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The dorsal band of the caecum leads to the ___ while the lateral band leads to the ___.
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The dorsal band of the caecum leads to the ileo-caecal fold while the lateral band leads to the ventral colon.
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The RVC is firmly fixed to the ____ while the RDC is attached to the ___.
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The RVC is firmly fixed to the base of the caecaum while the RDC is attached to the body wall.
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Most colonic disorders lead to ____ and so evacuation via enterotomy at the pelvic flexure is required.
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distension/impaction of the large colon
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Name 4 conditions of the large colon that can lead to surgical colic.
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-left dorsal displacement (nephrosplenic ligament entrapment
-right dorsal displacement -colon volvulus or torsion (guarded prognosis) -enterolithiasis |
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Name 4 conditions of the equine small colon and rectum that can lead to surgical colic.
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-atresia coli
-rectal prolapse -rectal tears -small colon impaction |
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What is the most common condition of the small colon that leads to surgery?
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small colon impaction
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If a rectal prolapse in a horse is >25-30cm, a ______ is likely and the horse should be referred for surgical repair.
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mesocolon rupture
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Name 4 complications of colic surgery.
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-endotoxaemia/dehydration
-ileus -incisional drainage, infection, or herniation -adhesion formation |
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What are three causes of ileus post colic surgery in the horse?
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-Inflammation: tissue handling, peritonitis
-Denervation: grass sickness -Distension: obstructive problem such as anastomosis site |
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Standing castration in the horse should be avoided in what 5 circumstances?
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-horse is >4 years old
-cryptorchid -history of inguinal hernia -fractious horse -donkey |
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Name some complications of a standing open castration in the horse.
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-haemorrhage (bleeding spermatic artery)
-surgical site infection (strep zooepidemicus) -champignon -tetanus -funiculitis -scirrhous cord (staph infection) -oedema -evisceration |
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Patent urachus is not uncommon in the foal and usually resolves after a week, but a persistent patent urachus can lead to:
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-omphalophlebitis
-purulent umbilical discharge -abscessation of urachus -cystitis -joint infection |
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What are the three unsupported structures in the respiratory tract of the horse?
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-nostrils
-larynx -nasopharynx |
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Equine nasal tumours are usually ____.
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very malignant
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Rhinitis sicca is often seen in what disease?
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chronic grass sickness
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Name three non-traumatic causes of epistaxis in the horse.
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-Exercise Induced Pulmonary Harmorrhage
-Guttural Pouch Mycosis -Ethmoid Haematoma |
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Name three sources of haemorrhage in traumatic causes of epistaxis in the horse.
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-fracture of base of skull -> neuro signs
-tear of rectus capitis muscle (bleed from guttural pouch) -bleed into sinuses -> fluid line |
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Outline a treatment plan for epistaxis.
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-place in deep bedded dark box
-leave alone for 15min |
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Mycotic rhinitis in the UK is usually caused by _____ or _____.
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-Aspergillus fumigatus
-Pseudoallescheria boydii |
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Infection of the first 2-3 maxillary cheek teeth usually results in a swelling with a discharging sinus tract _____.
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rostro-dorsal to the facial crest on the affected side of the face.
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What is the most common cause of unilateral nasal discharge in the horse?
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Sinusitis (paranasal sinus empyema)
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Name 5 causes of sinusitis in the horse.
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-dental infection
-primary (infective) sinusitis -maxillary (sinus) cyst -sinus neoplasia -mycotic sinusitis |
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Outline some treatment options for primary sinusitis.
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-none: some spontaneously recover
-antibiotics -sinus lavage via frontal sinus trephine and indwelling tubing w/dilute iodine or saline -surgical removal if inspissated |
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Primary sinusitis in the ___ and ____ will most likely need to be cleared surgically.
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-ventral conchal sinus
-rostral maxillary sinus |
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In younger horses ____ of infidibula are patent.
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85%
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The "drainage angle" is found at the ___.
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caudal aspect of the middle meatus
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_____ is very diagnostic of sinus cysts in the horse.
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Paracentesis of honey-like fluid through the thinned facial bones
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Mycotic sinusitis may be serology ____ but culture ____.
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serology negative
culture positive |
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What is the commonest cause of chronic unilateral epistaxis in the horse?
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Progressive Ethmoid Haematoma
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Name some conditions that may lead to pharyngeal paralysis in the horse.
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-gutteral pouch mycosis involving cranial nerves 9, 10, or 11
-grass sickness -cleft palate -subepiglottic cyst -hypocalcaemia -lead poisoning -botulism -congenital defects |
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Describe the cause of the following clinical signs seen in gutteral pouch mycosis:
-Horner's Syndrome -Facial paralysis -Dysphagia -Laryngeal paralysis -Tongue paralysis -Massive Haemorrhage at rest |
-Horner's Syndrome: cranial sympathetic nerve
-Facial paralysis: cranial nerve 7 -Dysphagia: cranial nerves 9 or 10 -Laryngeal paralysis: cranial nerves 9 or 10 -Tongue paralysis: cranial nerve 11 or 12 -Massive Haemorrhage at rest: internal carotid artery, internal maxillary artery or vein, external maxillary artery |
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What is the cause of guttural pouch empyema or chondroids?
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Strangles
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A normal foals usually takes ___ to stand, ___ to suck, ___ to urinate, and ___ to void meconium.
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- <2hrs to stand
- <3hrs to suck -<8hrs to urinate -12-24hrs to void meconium. |
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What is the difference between a premature and dysmature foal?
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Premature = <320 days gestation
Dysmature = 320-365 days gestation but with functional immaturity |
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In the neurological exam of the foal, what response is absent?
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menace
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A CITE test for IgG with results between 4 and 8g/l suggests:
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partial failure of passive transfer of antibody
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