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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the best initial treatment for solar bruising in the horse?
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Rest and NSAIDS (such as phenylbutazone)
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Name two conditions in the horse associated with puncture wounds received during shoeing.
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-"Nail Bind"
-Sub-solar abscess |
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"Seedy Toe" in the horse is the _____, and may be 2° to laminitis or lead to 2° infection.
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undermining of the hoof wall at the toe leading to an abnormally wide white line
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Vertical hoof cracks in the horse are more common in the ___ of the forelimbs or ____ of the hindlimbs.
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-toes of the forelimbs
-quarters of the hindlimbs |
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Name 4 methods for stabilising the hoof capsule in a horse with vertical hoof wall cracks.
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-bar shoes with quarter clips
-hoof casts -neutralising forces across crack by bridging w/ wire, nails, fibreglass, or metal plates -trim ground surface of quarter cracks so the region does not bear weight |
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Corns in the equine foot are associated with:
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-infrequent shoeing
-poor farriery (shod too short) |
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What is a keratoma?
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a benign tumour of the inner hoof wall
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A bacterial infection of the skin at the palmar or plantar pastern or heel is called ____.
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"mud rash"
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Raised bar shoes may be used in the treatment of thrush in the horse because _____.
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they allow for better ventilation
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"Canker", or chronic pododermatitis in the equine foot, is commonly seen in ______.
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draught horses in wet stables
(hindlimbs are affected more often than forelimbs) |
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Name the two forms of pedal osteitis and the likely cause of each.
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-septic: secondary to sub-solar abscessation/wound
-non-septic: chronic sub-solar bruising in horses with flat thin-soled feet |
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Name some types of wounds in horses.
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-abrasion
-bruising -haematoma -contusion -puncture wound -incised wound -laceration -complicated -burns -pressure necrosis |
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Name some systemic factors that may affect wound healing.
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-haemorrhage
-malnutrition -NSAID administration -corticosteroids -concurrent disease |
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Name some local factors that may affect wound healing.
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-trauma
-infection -temperature -oxygen -movement |
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What factors should be considered when managing equine wounds in the field.
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-safety of people and animials
-control of acute haemorrhage -removal of gross contamination -bandage to prevent further contamination -apply dressings/splints if appropriate -examine for concurrent injuries -ancillary diagnostics |
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Why is wound debridement important?
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-removes adhered bacteria
-removes devitalized tissues -removes contamination -enables healing to commence |
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Proud flesh, the _____ that can form on distal limbs or over joints, can be removed by _____.
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-vascular but insensitive hypergranulation tissue
-regular debridement and bandaging or casting |
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What is an "involucrum"?
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The reactive bone surrounding a sequestrum
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Name the most common skin graft techniques in horses.
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-pinch
-punch -mesh -line <pedicle and tunnel grafts are impractical> |
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Name, in order, the joints most commonly involved in septic arthritis.
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-tarsocrural
-fetlock -carpus -stifle -pastern |
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What tendon sheaths are commonly involved with tenosynovitis?
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-digital tendon sheath (most common)
-tarsal tendon sheath -carpal tendon sheath |
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In regards to synovial sepsis, gram ___ bacteria are more commonly isolated from adults, while gram ____ tend to be seen in neonates.
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-gram positive (staph. aureus most common)
-gram negative (E.coli most common) |
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How does septic arthritis in foals differ from adults?
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-usually due to haematogenous spread
-multiple joints affected |
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When selecting an antibiotic for intra-articular infusion in the horse, it is critical to choose one ____.
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without preservatives
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When evaluating a synovial fluid sample, which parameters may alert you to the presence of infection?
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-Appearance: serosanguinous
-Clot formation: increased -Mucinous precipitate: poor -Total protein: 30-60g/l -Total nucleated cells: 20-150 X 10^9/l -% neutrophils: >90 |
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Name some treatments that may be used in cases of synovial infections in the horse.
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-Systemic antimicrobials: gentamicin, penicillin
-Intra-articular medication: gentamycin, amikacin, cephazolin -Regional limb perfusion: tourniquet 15-20min EOD -Antibiotic impregnated PMMA or gelatin sponges -Lavage and Drainage: +/- arthroscopy |
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Describe the treatment for physitis in the growing horse.
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-restrict exercise
-reduce dietary energy intake -take caution with NSAIDs -usually self limiting |
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Name the two common areas to find physitis in the growing horse.
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-medio-distal radius/tibia
-medio-distal metacarpal/tarsal III |
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Describe "angular limb deformity" in the growing horse.
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-a common condition in foals involving a deviation from the sagittal plane usually with rotation
-more often valgus deformity rather than varus -seen in carpi, hocks, and fetlocks -may be congenital or acquired |
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How is a valgus deformity differentiated from a varus deformity?
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-this depends on the direction of deviation of the distal aspect of the joint
-valgus: lateral deviation (cow-hocked) -varus: medial deviation (bow legged) |
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What is the technique for surgical correction of angular limb deformities in the foal?
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Transphyseal bridging (long side) with periosteal transection and elevation (short side)
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How does type 1 flexor deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint differ from type 2?
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type 1: dorsal hoof wall still slopes cranially (Tx: desmotomy of accessory ligament of the DDFT)
type 2: dorsal hoof wall slopes caudally (Tx: DDF tenotomy) |
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Why is oxytetracycline used in the treatment of congenital flexural limb deformities?
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Oxytet interferes with calcium binding allowing for increased laxity in the tendons and therefore severe physiotherapy can be done
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Which tendon(s) may be involved in a flexor deformity of the metocarpalphalangeal joint?
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-SDFT
-DDFT -SL |
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Which tendon(s) may be involved in a flexor deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?
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-DDFT
-ALDDFT |
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Flexural deformities of the fetlock joints occur more frequently in the ____ limbs versus the ____ limbs.
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occurs more frequently in the forelimbs versus the hindlimbs
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Name some factors involved in the development of osteochondrosis in the horse.
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-body mass
-speed of growth -diet -trauma -hereditary -minerals -hormones |
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What would be the clinical presentation of a lateral luxation of the patella in a young horse?
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-most likely a pony or mini breed
-unable to extend stifle leads to crouched stance |
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What would be the clinical presentation of a rupture of the common digital extensor tendon in a young horse?
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-horse will be "over at the knee"
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Congenital hyperextension is a very common condition seen in neonates that affects the ___limbs more often than the ___limbs.
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affects the hindlimbs more often than the forelimbs
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Name the 6 causes of laminitis in the horse.
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-carbohydrate overload
-septicaemia -excess weightbearing -concussion -corticosteroid administration -Cushing's disease |
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After initial insult, there is a _____ prodromal period before onset of clinical signs of laminitis.
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2-3 day
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Briefly describe the two current pathophysiology theories of laminitis.
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-endotoxins released into circulation -> vasoconstriction and activation of AV shunts -> laminar perfusion decreased (exacerbated by microthrombi) -> laminar ischaemia and necrosis -> dorsal region affected first causing rotation of pedal bone -> other laminae affected causing sinking/founder
or -systemic disease activates proteolytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases) -> type IV collagen unravels..... |
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Why is acepromazine given in the treatment of acute laminitis?
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for its vasodilatory effects
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Describe the clinical presentation of a horse with "laminitis", according to the Cripps & Eustance classification.
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-increased digital pulses
-heel-first placement -hooves normal in appearance |
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Describe the clinical presentation of a horse with "acute founder", according to the Cripps & Eustance classification.
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-hooves normal in appearance
-depression of front of coronary band -increased lameness |
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Describe the clinical presentation of a horse with "sinkers", according to the Cripps & Eustance classification.
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-coronary band depressed around the entire length
-reluctant to walk |
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Describe the clinical presentation of a horse with "chronic founder", according to the Cripps & Eustance classification.
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-hoof wall rings
-flat soles -broken-back hoof-pastern axis -widened white line |
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Which tendons do racehorses tend to injure?
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SDFT>SL>DDFT
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Which tendons do show jumpers tend to injure?
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DDFT (CL)>SL>SDFT
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Which tendons do quarter horses tend to injure?
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SL>flexor tendons
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You are presented with a horse with suspected tendon/ligament injury. It stands with it's left hind fetlock nearly touching the ground. What do you suspect?
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Ruptured or dysfuncitonal Suspensory Ligament
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You are presented with a horse with suspected tendon/ligament injury. It stands bearing most of it's weight on it's right hind heels, with the dorsal hoof wall off the ground. What do you suspect?
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Ruptured or dysfuncitonal Deep Digital Flexor Tendon
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You are presented with a horse with suspected tendon/ligament injury. It stands with it's right hind pastern parallel to the ground. What do you suspect?
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Ruptured or dysfuncitonal Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon
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Name the four mechanisms of tendon degeneration.
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-mechanic strain: material fatigue
-physical: hyperthermia (up to 45°C damages cells and collagen -decreased blood flow: hypoxia, free radicals -proteolytic enzymes: surpass collagen synthesis |
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What is a "bowed tendon"?
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Tendonitis of the SDFT leading to swelling of the palmar aspect of the metacarpal region.
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What is a "bog spavin"?
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synovial distension of the tarsocrural joint
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What are the predilection sites for Osteochondrosis Dissecans in the horse?
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tarsocrural joint:
-distal intermediate ridge of the distal tibia -trochlear ridges of the talus -lateral and medila malleolus of the tibia |
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What is a "bone spavin"?
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osteoarthritis of the distal hock joints (most commonly tarsometarsal and centrodistal joints)
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What is likely the most common hindlimb lameness in horses?
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bone spavin (osteoarthritis of the distal hock joints)
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When evaluating osteoarthritis, there is a ____ correlation between radiographic severity and clinical signs.
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poor
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Outline a treatment plan for osteoarthritis in the horse.
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-advocate proper BCS
-phenylbutazone -corticosteroids IA -corrective shoeing (rolled to, graduated heel to ease breakover) -surgical arthrodesis -bandaging -physiotherapy -IRAP? -feed supplements? -IM/IA glucosaminoglycans |
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Name some of the problems involved in diagnosing and treating back problems in the horse.
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-lack of criteria for defining back pain
-lack of specific clinical signs -can be 1° or 2° -inaccessibility of structures involved -usually insidious onset anc chronic -frequency of spontaneous recovery -lack of effective treatments -emotional responses of rider/owner |
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What is the tallest dorsal spinous process in the horse?
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T6
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A horse with sacroiliac joint disease should be ____ work.
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kept in
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What 3 back conditions are not seen in the horse.
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-vertebral displacement or subluxation that can be corrected by manipulation
-intervertebral disc injuries -peripheral nerve injuries |
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What is a "hunter's bump"?
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The palpable tuber sacrale in the older horse.
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What condition is one of the most common causes of thoracolumbar pain in the horse?
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Impingement of the Dorsal Spinous Processess ("Kissing Spines")
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What is a common cause of roughening of the dorsal spinous process of T10 on radiographs?
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Poorly fitting saddle
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