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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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'reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood' -
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anemia
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What is the average Hb (hemoglobin) and HCT (Hematocrit) of Males?
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Hb: 13.6-17.2 gm/dL
HCT: 39-49 |
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What is the average Hb (hemoglobin) and HCT (Hematocrit) of Females
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Hb: 12-15 gm/dL
HCT: 33-43 |
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What is the MCV (Mean Cell Volume)?
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82-96 = average volume of RBC
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Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH):
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average content of Hb per RBC
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Mean cell hemoglobin conc. (MCHC)
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average conc. of Hb in a volume of RBC
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RBC Distribution Width (RDW)
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the coefficient of variation of red blood cell volume
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Which of the following are symptoms of Anemia?
mucous membranes weakness Pale skin malaise easy fatiguability dyspnea |
weakness
malaise easy fatiguability dyspnea |
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iron deficiency
thalassemia lead poisoning are all associated with ? |
microcytic RBC morphology
(<80 MCV) |
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What are the 3 main mechanism of anemia?
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Blood loss
Increased destruction (hemolytic) Impaired production |
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Chronic Blood loss anemia occurs when:
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blood loss exceeds that of iron reserves
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Disruption of intracellular membranes, enzymes or the presence of hemoglobin disorders within the cell are examples of?
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Intrinsic Hemolytic Anemia
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*Shorted RBC life span
*Increased erythropoiesis *increased products pf RBC destruction are results of ? |
Hemolytic Anemia
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Where do most Hemolytic anemias occur?
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Spleen
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Hemolytic anemias RARELY occur ________ but will may be due to the following?
mechanical injury toxins infection complement fixation |
intravascular
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Which type of Hemolytic anemia has:
-NO hemoglobinemia -NO hemoglobinuria |
extrinsic hemolytic anema
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When do the following occur?
increased erythroid precursors in marrow Reticulocytosis in peripheral blood Inceased bilirubin: pigment gallstones Chronic: hemosiderosis |
BOTH extrinsic/intrinsic hemolytic anemias
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An intrinsic hemolytic anemia associated with a mutation in
ankyrin |
Hereditary Spherocytosis
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Due to inflexible RBC, Spherocytosis shortens the lifespan of RBCs from ____ to _______
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120 days ---> 10-20 days
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What intrinsic enzyme disorder protects against Malaria (plasmodium falciparum)?
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G6PD deficiency
Glucose-6-Phosphate |
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What is the tx for (HS) Hereditary Spherocytosis?
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Splenectomy
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What is an intermittent hemolytic anemia that clinically presents as
-hemolysis after oxidative stress -Neonatal jaundice -chronic low grade hemolytic anemia |
G6PD Deficiency
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In what conditions might Heinz bodies and 'bite' cells within a blood smear
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G6PD Deficiency
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A point gene mutation involving the substitution of Valine with Glutamate results in ______ and abnormal hemoglobin in the disease called _________?
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HbS
Sickle Cell Anemia |
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What are the main differences in Hb composition between adults and children?
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Difference in HbF/HbA concentration:
Adult: -HbA = 96% -HbA(2) = 3 % -HbF = 1% Children -HbF = 75% |
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At what age do children adapt an adult levels of HbA in the blood?
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6 months
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HbS molecules aggregate upon deoxygenation resulting eventually in irreversible cell damage:
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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exhibits sequestration in areas (bone marrow / spleen) where blood flow is sluggish.
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Sickle Cell Disease
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Chronic anemia may lead to _________ and _________?
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Bone marrow expansion
Hyperplasia |
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Which disease can develop aplastic crisis by B19 virus?
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Sickle Cell Disease
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What are 2 treatments in Sickle Cell Disease?
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1) Hyroxurea: increase of HbF combats HbS
2) Exchange transfusion (crisis) |
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decreased synthesis of normal alpha or beta hemoglobin chain
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Thalassemias
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What condition exhibits an excess of alpha globin chains?
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Beta Thalassemia
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Microcytic anemia
affects Mediterraneans HbF > HbA |
Beta Thalassemia
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Which form of Thalassemia is most severe and why?
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Beta Thalassemia b/c of the excess of free alpha globin chains which are most toxic
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-Rare
-Homozygotic -severe, life-threatening, (childhood death, retardation) transfusion-dependent |
beta Thal Major
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-resistance to malaria
-mild anemia -Asymptomatic |
beta Thal Minor
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Why are α chains more toxic to RBC?
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Under-hemoglobinized RBCs
-poor oxygen carrying of Hb Decreased survival: -insoluble inclusion --> membrane damage -early apoptosis |
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What is associated with 'crew cut' appearance on radiograph?
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Beta Thalassemia
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Defined as a MCV greater than 100 fL
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Megaloblastic Anemia
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Serum findings of:
Low iron Low TIBC Decreased transferrin saturation High ferritin |
Anemia of Chronic Disease:
impaired Iron utilization due to secondary disease (RA, infection) |
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Serum findings of:
Low ferritin Decreased saturation of transferrin Increased TIBC |
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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What assists iron absorption in GI tract?
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Transferrin
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What is Hb converted to before being excreted with bilirubin in bile?
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Biliverdin
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Iron deficiency
Anemia of chronic disease Megaloblastic anemia are examples of? |
Hyperproliferative Anemias
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- RBCs susceptible to lysis by complement
- decrease in all GPI linked proteins *CD55, 59 |
PNH (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria)
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_____ and ______ have high affinity for oxygen which means poor transporters of oxygen to tissues due to inability to release oxygen
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HbH
Hb Bart |
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Sign of anemia (fatigability, dyspnea etc)
Microcytic hypochromic anemia High oxygen affinity Oxidative damage leads to splenic sequestration |
HbH Disease
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Fetal distress
δ-globin tetramers Extremely high oxygen affinity Fetal demise |
Hemoglobin Barts Disease
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Deficiency of B12 and Folic Acid result in
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Megaloblastic Anemia
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What disease may come about from malabsorption of B12 vitamin?
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Crohn's disease
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What disease may come about from malabsorption of Folic Acid?
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Celiac's Disease (Sprue)
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-Moderate to severe anemia
-Thrombocytopenia -Leukopenia with hypersegmented neutrophils -Neurological changes secondary to dorsal column demyelination are all associated with ? |
B12 Megaloblastic anemia
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-Moderate to severe anemia
-Thrombocytopenia -Leukopenia with hypersegmented neutrophils |
Folic Acid Deficiency (sans neurological problems)
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Non-clonal increase in the concentration of red blood cells unlike myeloproliferative disorders
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Polycythemia
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Caused by:
Increased erythropoietin (tumor or hypoxemia) Dehydration Treat by: phlebotomy or hydration |
Polycythemia
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