Rats And Mice

Front 1

Where are rats sweat glands?

Back 1

Located on hairless foot pads

Front 2

What does the Harderian gland do?

Back 2

secretes porphyrin, a red-pigmented substance. This act is called chromodacryorrhea.

Front 3

How many salivary glands do rats have?

Back 3

3 sets

Front 4

What is special about a rats/mouses stomach?

Back 4

Monogastric stomach with two portions (glandular and nonglandular), a ridge separates the two and is called the LIMITING RIDGE. This covers the opening into the esophagus, so they cannot vomit

Front 5

Rat gestation

Back 5

21 - 23 days. Continuously polyestrous with a 4-5 day cycle.

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What does Stock mean when referring to rats and mice?

Back 6

Outbred. Type of rat/mouse NOT inbred

Front 7

What does STRAIN mean when referring to rats and mice?

Back 7

Inbred. rats that have been inbred. Strain becomes inbred when 20 generations of inbred mating has occurred

Front 8

What are Transgenic animals?

Back 8

Derived by removingg specific DNA from one strain and transplanting it into a fertilized ovum of another strain. Used for models for gene-related disorders.

Front 9

How warm should rats be kept?

Back 9

65 to 75 degrees F with humidity kept at 40-60%.

Front 10

Rat infectious diseases - Murine Mycoplasmosis

Back 10

Bacterial infection transmitted via direct contact. Tx includes oxytetracycline in water. Symptoms include: Nasal discharge, dyspnea, sneezing, otitis media

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Rat Infectious diseases - Tyzzer's disease

Back 11

Common lab animal disease caused by bacillus piliformis bacterium, overcrowding and poor husbandry can predispose. Hard to culture, usually tissue samples aare taken. Can be asymptomatic carriers, symptoms include anorexia, diarrhea, Tx includes tetracycline, cleaning cages.

Front 12

Rat Infectious Diseases - Pasteurellosis

Back 12

Strains Paseurella multocida and Paseurella pneumotropica are often harbored in the URT of rats. Opportunistic. Tx includes oxytetracycline in water

Front 13

Rat Viral Diseases - Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDA)

Back 13

Higly contagious, most significant viral diesase of rats. Organisms have short incubation period (2 days) and infections are generally self-limiting. Transmitted via air or direct contact with nasal secretions. Sx based on clinical signs including "red tears", rhinitis, swollen glands, photophobia. To Tx, supportive care and rats incubated for 6-8 weeks

Front 14

Ringtail

Back 14

Common in young rats, seen when rats are kept in low himidity environments. Leads to annular constrictions of the tail, edema, necrosis, and sloughing distal to the site of constriction. Can be prevented by creating environment with at least 50% humidity and good bedding

Front 15

Mice gestation

Back 15

19 - 21 days. Females continuously polyestrous. 4-5 day cycle.

Front 16

Whitten effect

Back 16

With Mice if females are housed together with NO male all will enter into anestrous. If those females are then exposed to a male mouse, or male pheromones, all will begin estrus w/in 3 days

Front 17

Bruce effect

Back 17

Newly pregnant females (w/in 4 days of breeding) that are exposed to a new male (or male pheromones) will have a spontaneous abortion and return to estrus

Front 18

Temp for husbandry of mice

Back 18

Similar to rats, between 65 - 75 degrees F and 40 - 60% humidity. unlike rats, mice can be acclimated to cooler temps.

Front 19

IP Injections

Back 19

Lower right (your left) abdominal cavity. Approach at steep angle of >45 degrees and aspirate

Front 20

SQ injections

Back 20

Dorsum or inguinal area used. Insert needle at a very shallow angle (5 degrees). Slowly dispense and use caution!

Front 21

IM injections

Back 21

Can be painful, so no more than 0.05 ml per site. Be careful of sciatic nerve

Front 22

IV injections

Back 22

Most difficult. Lateral tail veins used. Animal must be well restrained or anesthetized and it should be inserted toward the end of the tail

Front 23

Oral gavage

Back 23

Animal must be conscious with an atraumatic feeding needle. The needle must be correct length (mouth to end of rib cage)

Front 24

Common Conditions

Back 24

Barbaring, fighting, ear tag dermatitis, malocclusion, rectal prolapse, tumors, hydrocephalus, dystocia, dermatitis, ocular opacity, head tilt, and runting.

Front 25

IACUC

Back 25

Instituional Animal Care and Use Committee.

AWA requires that all animals used in research and teaching done in the US be approved by IACUC. Requires that at least one veterinarian and at least one person not affiliated with the researchbe part of the team

Front 26

USDA

Back 26

USDA enforces the Animal Welfare Act. The animal and Plant Health and Inspection Service (APHIS) is an agency of the USDA. APHIS is responsible for inspection the facilities

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PHS

Back 27

Public Health Services. Agency sets specific policies regarding vertebrate animal care in research and education, and requiring the relief of pain and suffering in the event euthanasia is necessary

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FDA

Back 28

Biomedical researchers and manufacturers are expected to adhere to strict guidelines set forth by FDA. Takes 10 - 12 years of laboratory study and animal and human clinical trials before a medication can be released for human use under the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act

Front 29

EPA

Back 29

Environmental protection agency. Can remove products from the market if the safety of that product cannot be determined and request specific animal safety testing under the Toxic Substances Conttrol Act

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Types of Facilities for research

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~Conventional - animal rooms have single doors opening into a central corridor

~Double Corridor - animal rooms with two doors, one opens into the clean corridor one to the dirty corridor.

~Barrier (Containment facility) - generally used to house germ free animals

Front 31

Shoebox cage

Back 31

Shoebox cage - Solid bottom, usually plastic with stainless steel grid top

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Suspended cage

Back 32

Suspended caging - Racks that hold a series of cages that slide in and out on rails

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Metabolism cages

Back 33

used to collect urine and feces in such a way that total volume can be measured and analyzed

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Gang cages

Back 34

Housing of social groups of animals

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Pens and Runs

Back 35

Primarily used to house dogs, sheep, goats, and other farm animals

Front 36

Activity cage

Back 36

Used to provide exercise for animals

Front 37

Inhalation cage

Back 37

Enclosed chamber allowing a substance to be applied directly into the cage w/out contamination of the room air

Front 38

Recovery cage

Back 38

Provide strict control of temp., humidity, oxygen, pressure, etc.

Front 39

Gnotobiotic

Back 39

Have a well-defined microflora. Only those microorganisms are present

Front 40

Axenic

Back 40

Pathogen free, no microflora whatsoever

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Specific Pathogen Free

Back 41

Researchers have eliminated specific pathogens but allowed some.