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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glycolysis
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Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
+ AMP, fuctose-2,6-BP - ATP, citrate |
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Gluconeogenesis
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Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
+ ATP - AMP, fructose-2,6 |
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TCA cycle
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase
+ ADP - ATP, NADH |
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Glycogen synthesis
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Glycogen synthase
+ Glucose, insulin - epinephrine, glucagon |
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Glycogenolysis
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Glycogen phosphorylase
+ AMP, epinephrine, glucoagon - insulin, ATP |
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HMP Shunt
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
+ NADP+ - NADPH |
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De novo pyrimidine synthesis
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
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De novo purine synthesis
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Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
- AMP, IMP, CMP |
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Urea cycle
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
+ N-acetylglutamate |
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Fatty acid synthesis
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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
+ insulin, citrate - glucagon, palmitoyl-CoA |
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Fatty acid oxidation
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Carnitine acyltransferase I
- Malonyl-CoA |
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Ketogenesis
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HMG-CoA synthase
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Cholesterol synthesis
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HMG-CoA reductase
+ insulin, thyroxine - glucagon, cholesterol |
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hemolytic anemia, due to inability to maintain Na+/K+ ATPase ---> RBC swelling/lysis
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Common cause:
pyruvate kinase deficiency, phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency |
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Inspiration (effects on cardiac auscultation)
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increase intensity of right heart sounds
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Expiration (effects on cardiac auscultation)
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increase intensity of left heart sounds
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Hand grip (increase in systemic vascular resistance) (effects on auscultation)
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Increase intensity:
MR, AR, VSD, MVP murmurs Decrease intensity: AS, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs |
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Valsalva (decrease venous return)
(effects on auscultation) |
increase intensity:
MVP, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs decrease intensity: most murmurs |
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Rapid squatting (increase venous return, preload)(also increase afterload with prolonged squatting)
(effects on auscultation) |
decrease intensity:
MVP, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs |
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t(9;22)
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Philadelphia chromosome (CML)
bcr-abl |
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t(8;14)
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Burkitt's lymphoma
c-myc activation |
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t(11;14)
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Mantle Cell lymphoma
cyclin D1 activation |
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t(14;18)
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Follicular lymphoma
bcl-2 activaiton |
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t(15;17)
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AML - M3 subtype (tx all-tran retinoic acid)
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Bugs that do not Gram stain well
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These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
Treponema (too thin to be visualized) Rickettsia (intracellular parasite) Mycobacteria (high lipid content in cell wall, acid-fast) Mycoplasma (no cell wall) Legionella pneumophilia (primarily intracellular) Chlamydia (intracellular parasite) |
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Giemsa Stain
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Certain Bugs Really Try Her Patience
Chlamydia Borrelia Rickettsiae Trypanosomes Histoplasma Plasmodium |
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PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) stain
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PASs the Sugar
stains glycogen, Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whipplei) |
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Ziehl-Neelzon (carbol fuchsin) stain
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Acid-fast organisms
Nocardia Mycobacterium |
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India ink stain
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Silver Stain
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Fungi (pneumocystis)
Legionella H. Pylori |
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Obligate Aerobes
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"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
Nocardia Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Breathe |
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Obligate Anaerobes
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Anareobes "Can't Breath Air"
Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces |
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Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
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Findings: severe mental retardation, rocker-bottom feet, micrognathia, low-set ears, clenched hands, prominent occiput, congenital heart disease. Death usually occurs within 1 year of birth.
Election age (18) Most common trisomy behind Down syndrome. Results of pregnancy quad screen: decreased: alpha-fetoprotein, Beta-hCG, and estriol normal: inhibin A |
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Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13)
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Findings: severe mental retardation, rocker-bottom feet, michropthalmia, microcephaly, cleft lip/palate, holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, congenital heart disease. Death by 1 year.
Puberty: (13) Quad Screen: decreased: free beta-hCG, PAPP-A increased: nuchal translucency |
