Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
358 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
|
budd-chiari syndrome
|
|
|
achilles tendon xanthoma
|
familial hypercholesterolemia
|
|
|
adrenal hemorrhage, HTN, DIC
|
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
|
|
|
Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
|
marfans syndrome
|
|
|
athlete with polycythemia
|
erythropoietin injection
|
|
|
back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
|
Pott's disease (vertebral TB)
|
|
|
bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
|
sarcoidosis
|
|
|
blue sclera
|
osteogenesis imperfecta
|
|
|
bluish line on gingiva
|
burtons line (lead poisoning)
|
|
|
bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis
|
Pagets Disease of bone
|
|
|
bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
|
aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
cafe-au-lait spots, lisch nodules, pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas
|
NF type I
|
|
|
cafe-au-lait spots, lisch nodules, bilateral acoustic neuromas
|
NF type II
|
|
|
cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty
|
McCune-Albright Syndrome (mosaic G protein signaling mutation
|
|
|
calf pseudohypertrophy
|
muscular dystrophy (most commonly duchennes)
|
|
|
"cherry red spot" on macula
|
tay-sachs or Niemann-Pick, central retinal artery occlusion
|
|
|
chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following an MI
|
Dresslers Syndrome
|
|
|
Child uses arms to stand up from a squat
|
Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
|
|
|
child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to the body
|
"slapper cheeks"; erythema infectiosum, parvovirus B19)
|
|
|
chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
|
Huntingtons Disease
|
|
|
chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps
|
McArdles Disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency)
|
|
|
cold intolerance
|
hypothyroidism
|
|
|
conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diploplia
|
internuclear opthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral=MS, unilateral=stroke)
|
|
|
continuous machinery heart murmur
|
PDA
|
|
|
cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
|
myxedema (hypothyroidism, graves disease)
|
|
|
dark purple skin/mouth nodules
|
kaposis sarcoma
|
|
|
deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
|
Kussmaul breathing (diabetic ketoacidosis)
|
|
|
dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
|
pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
|
|
|
dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
|
wet beriberi(thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
|
|
|
dog or cat bite resulting in infection (not rabies)
|
Pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
|
Sjogrens syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
|
|
|
dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
|
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (collagen defect, usually type III)
|
|
|
enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
|
Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
|
|
|
erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
|
Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides
|
|
|
facial muscle spasm upon tapping
|
Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)
|
|
|
fat, female, forty, fertile
|
acute cholecystitis
|
|
|
fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
|
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes resulting in toxin release)
|
|
|
fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
|
Measles (morbillivirus)
|
|
|
fever, night sweats, weight loss
|
B symptoms (lymphoma); TB
|
|
|
fibrous plaques in soft tissue of the penis
|
Peyronies disease
|
|
|
gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy
|
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
|
|
|
green yellow rings around peripheral cornea
|
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
|
|
|
hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
|
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increase cancer risk)
|
|
|
hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurological symptoms
|
Gauchers disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
|
|
|
hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
|
alports syndrome (Type IV collagen mutation)
|
|
|
hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
|
Trousseaus sign (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
|
|
|
hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
|
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
|
|
|
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis
|
COnn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
|
|
|
hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
|
"Blue bloater" (chronic bronchitis; hyperplasia of mucous cells)
|
|
|
indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
|
nonpainful: chancre (primary syphilis)
painful with exudate: chancroid |
|
|
infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration, cherry red spots on the macula
|
Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphinomyelinase deficiency)
|
|
|
infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatosplenomegaly
|
Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
|
|
|
Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
|
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
|
|
|
Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever
|
Charcots triad 2 (ascending cholangitis)
|
|
|
keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
large rash with bull's-eye appearance
|
erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
|
|
|
Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
|
epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
|
|
|
male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
|
Brutons disease (x-linked agammaglobulinemia)
|
|
|
mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
|
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platlet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
|
|
|
multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth
|
gardners syndrome (subtype of FAP)
|
|
|
necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
|
Wegners (c-ANCA +) and goospastures syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
|
|
|
neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
|
Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial palsy injury: "waiters tip")
|
|
|
no lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
|
sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
|
|
|
nystagmus, intention trmor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia
|
multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
oscillating slow/fast breathing
|
Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or increased intracranial pressure)
|
|
|
painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
|
cold agglutination disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
|
|
|
painful, pale, cold fingers/toes
|
Raynauds syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)
|
|
|
painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles
|
oslers node (infective endocarditis)
|
|
|
painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
|
janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)
|
|
|
painless jaundice
|
cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing the bile duct
|
|
|
palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain (child)
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
|
|
|
pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
|
Wermer's Syndrome (MEN 1)
|
|
|
pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
|
"pink puffer" emphysema
|
|
|
polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances
|
Fanconi' syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
|
|
|
positive anterior "drawer sign"
|
anterior cruciate ligament injury
|
|
|
ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
|
Horners syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
|
|
|
pupil accommodates but doesnt react
|
Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
|
|
|
rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection)
|
Guillain-Barre syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
|
|
|
rash on palms and soles
|
secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
|
|
|
recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
|
Job's syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
|
|
|
red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients
|
Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
|
|
red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
|
Pagets disease of the breast
|
|
|
red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
|
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
|
|
|
renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
|
von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
|
|
|
resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
|
Parkinsons disease
|
|
|
restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form:cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance
|
Pompes disease (lysosomal glucosidase deficiency)
|
|
|
retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
|
Roths spots (bacterial endocarditis)
|
|
|
severe jaundice in neonate
|
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
|
|
|
severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
|
McBurneys sign (appendicitis
|
|
|
short stature, increase incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
|
Fanconis anemia (genetically inherited; often progressive to AML)
|
|
|
single palm crease
|
Simian crease ( down syndrome)
|
|
|
situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis
|
Kartageners syndrome (dynein defect affecting cilia)
|
|
|
skin hyperpigmentation
|
addisons disease
|
|
|
slow progressive muscle weakness in boys
|
beckers muscular dystrophy (x-linked, defective dystrophin: less severe than Duchennes)
|
|
|
small irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
|
Koplik spots (measles)
|
|
|
smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals
|
condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)
|
|
|
splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
|
bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
strawberry tongue
|
scarlet fever, kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
|
|
|
streak ovariesm congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney
|
Turner syndrome (XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)
|
|
|
sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
|
gout/podagra
|
|
|
swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
|
scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: cant hydroxolate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
|
|
|
swollen, hard, painful finger joints
|
osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP (Bouchards nodes), DIP (Heberdens nodes))
|
|
|
systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
|
aortic valve stenosis
|
|
|
thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
|
sipples syndrome (MEN 2A)
|
|
|
toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
|
babinskis sign (UMN lesion)
|
|
|
unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
|
Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)
|
|
|
urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
|
Reiters syndrome (reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27)
|
|
|
Vascular birthmark (port wine)
|
hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
|
|
|
vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis
|
Shwartzman reaction (following second exposure to endotoxin)
|
|
|
vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations
|
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
|
|
|
"waxy" casts with very low urine flow
|
chronic end stage renal disease
|
|
|
WBC casts in urine
|
acute pyelonephritis
|
|
|
what GI and Chromosomal problems cause nonimmune hydrops?
|
GI:
-diaphragmatic hernia -meconium peritonitis Chromosomes: -Down Syndrome -triploidy |
|
|
"worst headache of my life"
|
subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
|
|
anticentromere antibodies
|
scleroderma (CREST)
|
|
|
antidemoglein (epithelial) antibodies
|
pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
|
|
|
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
|
goodpasture's syndrome
|
|
|
antihistone antibodies
|
drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
|
|
|
Anti-IgG antibodies
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA's)
|
primary biliary cirrhosis
|
|
|
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
|
vasculitis
-c-ANCA: Wegners -p-ANCA: microscopic polyangitis -churg strauss syndrome |
|
|
antinuclear antibodies (ANAS:anti-smith and anti-dsDNA)
|
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
|
|
|
antiplatelet antibodies
|
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
|
|
|
anti-topoisomerase antibodies
|
diffuse systemic scleroderma
|
|
|
anti-transglutaminase/antigliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
|
celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
|
|
|
azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
|
auer rods (AML)
|
|
|
"bamboo spine" on x-ray
|
ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
|
|
|
basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
|
Howell-Jolly bodies
|
|
|
basophilic stippling of RBCs
|
lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
|
|
|
bloody tap on LP
|
subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
|
|
"boot-shaped" heart on xray
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
|
|
branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
|
actinomyces israelii
|
|
|
brochogenic apical lung tumor
|
pancoasts tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horners syndrome)
|
|
|
"brown" tumor of bone
|
Henorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. due to
1) hyperparathyroidism 2) osteitis fibrosa cystica |
|
|
cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
|
chagas disease
|
|
|
cellular crescents in Bowmans capsule
|
rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
"chocolate cyst" of ovary
|
endometriosis
|
|
|
circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
|
Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
|
|
|
colonies of mucoid pseudomonas in lungs
|
cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in caucasions resulting in fat soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
|
|
|
degeneration of dorsal column nerves
|
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
|
|
|
depigmentation of neurons in substantia niagra
|
Parkinsons disease
|
|
|
desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
|
Curschmann's spirals: bronchial asthma
|
|
|
disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
|
call-exner bodies (granulosa theca cell tumor of the ovary)
|
|
|
dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
|
koilocytes (HPV)
|
|
|
enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
|
"owls eyes" appearance of CMV
|
|
|
enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass appearance
|
"orphan annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
|
|
|
eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
|
mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
|
|
|
eosionophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
|
lewy body (parkinsons disease)
|
|
|
eosinophilic globule in liver
|
councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis)
|
|
|
eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cell
|
Rabies virus
|
|
|
extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of the brain
|
senile plaques (alzheimers disease)
|
|
|
giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owls eye)
|
reed-sternberg cells (Hodkins lymphoma)
|
|
|
glomerulus like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
|
schuller-duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
|
|
|
"hair on end" (crew cut) appearance on xray
|
beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia
|
|
|
hCG elevated
|
choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole
|
|
|
heart nodules (inflammatory)
|
aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
|
|
|
heterophile antibodies
|
infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
|
|
|
hexagonal, double pointed, needle like crystals in bronchial secretions
|
bronchial asthma
|
|
|
high level of D-dimers
|
DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
|
|
|
hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
|
ghon focus (primary TB)
|
|
|
"honeycomb lung" on xray
|
interstitial fibrosis
|
|
|
hypersegmented neutrophils
|
megaloblastic anemia ( B12, folate deficiency)
|
|
|
hypochromatic, microcytic anemia
|
iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
|
|
|
increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
|
anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
|
|
|
increased uric acid levels
|
gout, lesch-nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
|
|
|
intranuclear eosinophilic droplet like bodies
|
cowdry type A bodies (HSV)
|
|
|
iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
|
ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)
|
|
|
large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
|
Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
|
|
|
low serum ceruloplasmin
|
wilsons disease
|
|
|
"lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
|
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
lytic (hole punched) bone lesions on xray
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
mammary gland (blue domed) cyst
|
fibrocystic change of the breast
|
|
|
monoclonal antibody spike
|
1) multiple myeloma
2) monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (normal consequence of aging) 3) Waldenstroms (m protein=IgM) macroglobulinemia 4) primary amyloidosis |
|
|
monoclonal globin protein in blood/urine
|
bence jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine])
Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia (IgM) |
|
|
mucin filled cell with peripheral nucleus
|
signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
|
|
|
narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
|
"string sign" (crohns disease)
|
|
|
needle shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
|
gout (hyperuricemia)
|
|
|
nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
|
|
|
"nutmeg" appearance of liver
|
chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
|
|
|
onion skin periosteal reaction
|
ewings sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
|
|
|
periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
|
codmans triangle on xray (osteosarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
|
|
|
podocyte fusion on EM
|
minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
|
|
|
polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
|
eburnation (OA resulting in bony sclerosis)
|
|
|
protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
|
neurofibrillary tangles ( alzheimers and CJD)
|
|
|
pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
RBC casts in urine
|
acute glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
|
Reinke crystals (leydig cell tumor)
|
|
|
renal epithelial casts in urine
|
acute toxic/viral nephrosis
|
|
|
rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
|
psuedogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
|
|
|
rib notching
|
coarctation of the aorta
|
|
|
sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology)
|
burkitts lymphoma
|
|
|
silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
|
Pick bodies (Picks disease)
|
|
|
"soap bubble" in femur on tibia on xray
|
giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
|
|
|
"spikes" on basement membrane, "dome like" endothelial deposits
|
membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
stacks of red blood cells
|
rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
|
|
|
stippled vaginal epithelial cells
|
"clue cells" (gardnerella vaginalis)
|
|
|
"tennis-racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
|
Birbeck granules (histocytosis X:eosinophilic granuloma)
|
|
|
thrombi made of white/red layers
|
Lines of zahn (arterial thrombus)
|
|
|
"thumb sign" on lateral xray
|
epiglottitis (H. influenzae)
|
|
|
thyroid-like appearance of kidney
|
chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
|
|
|
"tram-track" appearance on LM
|
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
|
fatty liver disease
|
|
|
WBCs that look smudged
|
CLL (almost always B cells, affects the elderly)
|
|
|
"wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM
|
lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
yellow CSF
|
xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
|
|
|
actinic keratosis is a precursor to ___________
|
SCC
|
|
|
acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
|
Cushings ulcer ( increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric mucosa)
|
|
|
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
|
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
|
|
|
alternating areas of intestinal transmural inflammation and normal colon
|
skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
|
|
|
most common cause of a dissecting aneurysm
|
HTN
|
|
|
most common cause of an abdominal or descending aorta aneurysm
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
most common cause of an ascending aortic aneurysm
|
tertiary syphilis
marfans syndrome |
|
|
most common cause of atrophy of the mammillary bodies
|
wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia,opthalmoplegia, and confusion)
|
|
|
autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) is associated with
|
sickle cell anemia
|
|
|
bacteria associated with stomach cancer
|
H. Pylori
|
|
|
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and elderly
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in newborns
|
group B streptococcus
|
|
|
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in kids
|
S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
bleeding disorder with GpIIb deficiency
|
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrands factor)
|
|
|
most common cause of brain tumor in adults
|
supratentorial
mets>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) >meningioma >schwannoma |
|
|
most common cause of brain tumor in kids
|
infratentorial: medulloblastoma
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma |
|
|
most common breast cancer
|
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
|
|
|
most common cause of breast tumor
|
fibroadenoma
|
|
|
most common primary cardiac tumor in kids
|
rhabdomyoma
|
|
|
the cardiac manifestation of lupus
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting mitral)
|
|
|
most common cardiac tumor of adults
|
1) metastasis
2) primary myxoma |
|
|
most common cause of cerebellar tonsillar herniation
|
chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
|
|
|
most common cause of a cardiac arrhythmia
|
atrial fibrillation
|
|
|
most common cause of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
|
DES exposure in utero
|
|
|
most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hypotension
|
21-hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
|
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
|
VSD
|
|
|
most common cause of congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
|
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
|
|
|
most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in the developing world
|
TB
|
|
|
most common coronary artery involved in thrombosis
|
LAD>RCA>LCA
|
|
|
most common cause of cretinism
|
iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
|
|
|
most common cause of cushing's syndrome
|
1) corticosteroid therapy
2) excess ACTH secretion by pituitary |
|
|
most common cause of early cyanosis
|
tetralogy of Fallot transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
|
|
|
most common cause of late cyanosis
|
VSD, ASD, PDA
|
|
|
most common cause of death in CML
|
blast crisis
|
|
|
most common cause of death in SLE
|
lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
most common cause of dementia
|
1) Alzheimer's disease
2) multiple infarcts |
|
|
most common demyelinating disease in young women
|
multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
most common cause of DIC
|
gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
|
|
|
most common dietary deficiency
|
iron
|
|
|
most common cause of ejection click
|
aortic/pulmonic stenosis
|
|
|
most common esophageal cancer
|
SCC (worldwide)
adenocarcinoma (USA) |
|
|
most common cause of food poisoning
|
S. aureus, B cereus
|
|
|
most common cause of glomerulonephritis in adults
|
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
|
|
|
most common gynecologic malignancy
|
endometrial carcinoma
|
|
|
most common congenital heart murmur
|
mitral valve prolapse
|
|
|
most common heart valve involved in bacterial endocarditis in rheumatic fever
|
1) mitral
2) aortic |
|
|
most common heart valve involved in bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users
|
tricuspid
|
|
|
2 most common helminth infection in the US
|
1) enterobius vermicularis
2) Ascaris lumbricoides |
|
|
most common cause of an epidural hematoma
|
rupture of middle meningeal artery (crescent shaped)
|
|
|
most common cause of a subdural hematoma
|
rupture of the bridging veins (lentiform shaped)
|
|
|
most common cause of hemochromatosis
|
multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutations
|
|
|
most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma
|
cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepatitis B and C)
|
|
|
most common hereditary bleeding disorder
|
von Willebrands disorder
|
|
|
most common cause of hereditary harmless jaundice
|
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
|
|
|
most common diseases associated with HLA-B27
|
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis
|
|
|
most common diseases associated with HLA-DR3 or DR4
|
DM type I, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
|
|
|
most common cause of a holosystolic murmur
|
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
|
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
|
|
|
most common cause of secondary HTN
|
renal disease
|
|
|
most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
|
thyroidectomy
|
|
|
most common cause of hypopituitarism
|
pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
|
|
|
most common cause of an infection secondary to a blood transfusion
|
hepatitis C
|
|
|
most common cause of a late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L-->R becomes R-->L)
|
Eisenmengers syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD< PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)
|
|
|
most common cause of liver disease
|
alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
|
most common lysosomal storage disease
|
gaucher's disease
|
|
|
most common male cancer
|
prostatic carcinoma
|
|
|
most common malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
|
Hodkin's lymphoma
|
|
|
most common malignant skin tumor
|
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
|
|
|
most common cause of mental retardation
|
1) Down syndrome
2) Fragile X Syndrome |
|
|
most common cause of bone metastases
|
breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
|
|
|
most common cause of brain metastases
|
lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (RCC), GI
|
|
|
most common cause of liver metastases
|
colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
|
|
|
most common cause of mitral valve stenosis
|
Rheumatic heart disease
|
|
|
most common cause of mixed (UML and LMN) motor neuron disease
|
ALS
|
|
|
most common cause of myocarditis
|
Coxsackie B
|
|
|
most common neoplasm in kids
|
1) ALL
2 )cerebellar medulloblastoma |
|
|
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
|
membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids
|
minimal change disease
|
|
|
most common cause of nosocomial pnemonia
|
Klebsiella, E coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
most common cause of obstruction of male urinary tract
|
BPH
|
|
|
most common cause of an opening snap on heart auscultation
|
mitral stenosis
|
|
|
most common opportunistic infection in AIDS
|
pneumocystis jiroveci pnemonia
|
|
|
most common cause of osteomyelitis
|
S. Aureus
|
|
|
most common cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
|
Salmonella
|
|
|
most common cause of osteomyelitis with IV drug use
|
Pseudomonas, S. Aureus
|
|
|
most common cause of ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
|
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
|
|
|
most common benign ovarian tumor
|
Serous cystadenoma
|
|
|
most common malignant ovarian tumor
|
serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
|
gallstones, alcohol
|
|
|
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
|
alcohol (adults), CF (kids)
|
|
|
most common age group seen with ALL
|
child
|
|
|
most common age group seen with CLL
|
adult >60
|
|
|
most common age group seen with AML
|
adult >60
|
|
|
most common age group seen with CML
|
adult 35-50
|
|
|
most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
|
|
most common association with Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22)
|
CML
|
|
|
most common pituitary tumor
|
1) prolactinemia
2 )somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma |
|
|
most common cause of primary amenorrhea
|
Turner Syndrome (XO)
|
|
|
most common primary bone tumor in adults
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
|
adenoma of adrenal cortex
|
|
|
most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
|
1) adenomas
2) hyperplasia 3) carcinoma |
|
|
most common primary liver cancre
|
heptaocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin)
|
|
|
most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
|
COPD
|
|
|
most common cause of recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
|
Buerger's disease
|
|
|
most common renal tumor
|
RCC
|
|
|
most common cause of right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
|
cor pulmonale
|
|
|
most common cause of an S3
|
increased ventricular filling (L-->R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure)
|
|
|
most common cause of an S4
|
stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
|
|
|
most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
|
|
|
most common STD
|
chlamydia
|
|
|
most common cause of SIADH
|
small cell carcinoma of the lung
|
|
|
most common site of diverticula
|
sigmoid colon
|
|
|
most common site of atherosclerosis
|
abdominal aorta> coronary>popliteal>carotid
|
|
|
most common stomach cancer
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
most common cause of stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
|
|
|
most common association with t(14;18)
|
follicular lymphoma (bcl-s activation)
|
|
|
most common association with t(9;22)
|
philidelphia chromosome, CML
|
|
|
most common association with t(8;14)
|
Burkitts lymphoma (c-myc activation)
|
|
|
most common testicular tumor
|
seminoma
|
|
|
most common thyroid cancer
|
papillary carcinoma
|
|
|
most common tumor in women
|
leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
|
|
|
most common tumor of infancy
|
hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously)
|
|
|
most common tumor of teh adrenal medulla in adults
|
pheochromocytoma
|
|
|
most common tumor of teh adrenal medulla in kids
|
neuroblastoma (malignant)
|
|
|
most common type of Hodkins
|
nodular sclerosis
|
|
|
most common type of non-Hodkins
|
diffuse large cell
|
|
|
most common cause of UTI
|
E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus
|
|
|
most common viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
|
HSV
|
|
|
most common vitamin deficiency in the US
|
folic acid
|
|
|
sensitivity=
|
TP/(TP + FN)
|
|
|
specificity=
|
TN/ (TN + FP)
|
|
|
positive predictive value=
|
TP/ (TP+FP)
|
|
|
negative predictive value=
|
=TN/ (TN+FN)
|
|
|
relative risk=
|
a
______ (a+b) _____________ c ______ c + d |
|
|
attributable risk=
|
a c
_____ - _______ a + b c + d |
|
|
number needed to treat=
|
1/ absolute risk reduction
|
|
|
number needed to harm=
|
1/attributable risk
|
|
|
hardy-Weinberg equilibrium=
|
2 2
p + 2pq + q =1 |
|
|
henderson hasselbach equation=
|
pH= pKa + log [(HCO3-)/(.03 PCO2)]
|
|
|
volume of distribution=
|
amount of drug in body/plasma drug concentration
|
|
|
half life of a drug=
|
(.07 x Vd)/CL
|
|
|
loading dose=
|
Cp x (Vd/F)
|
|
|
maintenance dose=
|
Cp x (CL/F)
|
|
|
cardiac output=
|
CO=rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)
CO=stroke volume x heart rate |
|
|
mean arterial pressure=
|
MAP= cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
MAP= 1/3 systolic x 2/3 diastolic |
|
|
stroke volume=
|
end diastolic volume-end systolic volume
|
|
|
ejection fraction=
|
(stroke volume/end diastolic volume) x 100
|
|
|
net filtration pressure=
|
[(Pc-Pi)-(osmotic pressure c-osmotic pressure i)]
|
|
|
glomerular filtration rate=
|
GFR= U inulin x V/P inulin
GFR= Kf[(Pgc-Pbs)-(osmotic pressure gc-osmotic pressure bs)] |
|
|
effective renal plasma flow=
|
Upah x V/Ppah
|
|
|
renal blood flow=
|
RPF/(1-Hct)
|
|
|
filtration fraction=
|
GFR/RPF
|
|
|
physiological dead space=
|
Vt x (Paco2 -Peco2)/Paco2
|
