Rapid Review Biochem, Chapter 1 (Only The Carbohydrates Section)

Front 1

Monosaccharides come in two different chemical forms. What are they?

What is their general molecular formula?

Back 1

Aldehydes (aldoses) and Ketones (ketoses)

Formula: (CH2O)x where x=3 or more

Hint 1

start with an A and a K

Front 2

What is another name for the hexose monophosphate shunt?

Back 2

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Hint 2

3 P's

Front 3

How many carbons do Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone have?

Which one is the ketose? Which one is the aldose?

Back 3

3 Carbons (Triose)

Glyceraldehyde is the aldose, dihydroxyacetone is the ketose

Front 4

How many carbons does erythrose have?

Back 4

4 Carbons (tetrose)

Front 5

How many carbons do ribose and ribulose have?

Which one is the aldose? Which one is the ketose?

Back 5

5 Carbons (Pentose)

Ribose is the aldose

Ribulose is the ketose

Front 6

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose: Which ones are aldoses? Which ones are ketoses?

Back 6

Aldoses: Glucose and Galactose

Ketose: Fructose

Front 7

This carbohydrate is a heptose (7 carbons). What is it called?

Is it an aldose or a ketose?

Back 7

Sedoheptulose


Ketose

Front 8

These carbohydrates are intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway. Name them:

Back 8

Glyceraldehyde, Erythrose, Ribulose,
Sedoheptulose

Hint 8

4 of them

Front 9

This ketose can be reduced to glycerol (used in fat metabolism) and is present in the glycolytic pathway

Back 9

Dihydroxyacetone

Hint 9

It's a triose

Front 10

This carbohydrate is absorbed in the intestine with Na+ and enters cells; it's the starting point of the glycolytic pathway

Back 10

Glucose

Front 11

This carbohydrate is absorbed from the intestine via FACILITATED DIFFUSION; it is converted to intermediates in the glycolytic pathway; it is derived from SUCROSE

Back 11

Fructose

Front 12

This carbohydrate, aside from glucose, is absorbed from the intestine with Na+

Back 12

Galactose (derived from lactose)

Front 13

How are Monosaccharides classified? (two criteria)

Back 13

1. The number of carbon atoms

2. The nature of the most oxidized group

Front 14

In human metabolism, most sugars occur in what optical isomer form (D or L)?

Back 14

D form

Front 15

How many carbons are in pyranose sugar rings?

What are two examples of pyranose sugars?

Back 15

Six


Glucose and galactose

Front 16

How many carbons are in furanose sugar rings?

What are three examples of furanose sugars?

Back 16

Five


Frucotse (Contains 6 carbons!! But only 5 form a ring), ribose, deoxyribose

Front 17

What is another name for Ascorbic Acid?

Back 17

Vitamin C

Hint 17

it's a type of vitamin

Front 18

Which vitamin is required in the synthesis of collagen?

Deficiency of this vitamin causes scurvy

Back 18

Vitamin C

Front 19

Which monosaccharide derivative reacts with bilirubin in the liver, forming conjugated bilirubin which is water soluble?

Back 19

Glucuronic Acid (for glucuronidation)

Front 20

Which monosaccharide derivative is a component of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and are major constituents of the extracellular matrix?

Back 20

Glucuronic Acid

Front 21

Name two sugar acids?

Back 21

1. Ascorbic Acid (also known as what?) 2. Glucuronic Acid

Front 22

This deoxy sugar is an essential component of DNA

Back 22

2-deoxyribose

Front 23

Name 3 sugar alcohols (polyols)?

Back 23

1. Glycerol
2. Sorbitol
3. Galacticol

Front 24

What is a polyol?

Back 24

A sugar alcohol

Front 25

This carbohydrate is derived from hydrolysis of triacylglycerol

Back 25

Glycerol

Hint 25

It's a sugar alcohol

Front 26

Glycerol is phosphorylated to form ____, which is available for ________.

Back 26

Glycerol phosphate

Gluconeogenesis

Front 27

This osmotically active carb, derived from glucose, can cause damage to the lens (CATARACTS), Schwann cells (PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY), and pericytes (RETINOPATHY) in Diabetes Mellitus

Back 27

Sorbitol

Hint 27

It's a sugar alcohol

Front 28

This carb, derived from galactose, contributes to CATARACT formation, associated with galactosemia

Back 28

Galacticol

Hint 28

It's a sugar alcohol

Front 29

Name two amino sugars?

Back 29

1. Glucosamine (Glucose-amine)

2. Galactosamine (Galactose-amine)

Hint 29

Both end in "amine"

Front 30

The N-acetylated forms of these sugars are present in GAGs

Back 30

1. Glucosamine (Glucose-amine)

2. Galactosamine (Galactose-amine)

Front 31

Phosphorylation of glucose after it enters cells effectively traps it as _____

Back 31

Glucose-6-phosphate

Front 32

Sugar esters are sugar links with what two types of compounds?

Back 32

1. Phosphate
2. Sulfate

Front 33

Larger carboydrate groups are formed by what types of reactions?

Back 33

Condensation reactions

Hint 33

Starts with a C, means "to bring together," I think

Front 34

What is the difference between an oligosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

Back 34

An oligo has 3-10 sugar monomers

A poly has more than 10 sugar monomers

Front 35

Name 2 examples of oligosaccharides?

Back 35

1. Blood group antigens

2. Membrane glycoproteins

Front 36

Name 3 examples of polysaccharides?

Back 36

1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Front 37

Name 3 examples of disaccharides?

Back 37

1. Lactose
2. Sucrose
3. Maltose

Front 38

What are the two monomers in Lactose?

Back 38

Glucose + Galactose

Front 39

What are the two monomers in Maltose?

Back 39

Glucose + Glucose

Front 40

What are the two monomers in Sucrose?

Back 40

Glucose + Fructose

Front 41

Which disaccharide is a breakdown product of starch?

Back 41

Maltose

Front 42

Which disaccharide is also known as common table sugar?

Back 42

Sucrose

Front 43

Which disaccharide is milk sugar?

Back 43

Lactose (NOT galactose, galactose is a component of lactose!)

Front 44

Which sugar is nonreducing (read the hint to define a reducing sugar)?

(glucose? sucrose? fructose? galactose?)

Back 44

Sucrose (and it's a disaccharide)

Hint 44

A reducing sugar is any sugar that, in basic solution, forms some aldehyde or ketone.

Sugars which are capable to reducing the oxidizing agents such as Tollen reagents(AgO),Fehling reagents(CuO) or Ferricynide in alkaline solution are called the Reducing Sugars, but those sugar which are unable to reduce the such above oxidizing agents is called the Non-reducing sugars.

Front 45

What are the two functions of polysaccharides?

Back 45

1. To store Glucose

2. To form structural elements

Front 46

What is the primary glucose storage form in PLANTS?

Back 46

Starch

Front 47

What are the two major components of starch (and can be degraded by human enzymes)?

Back 47

1. Amylose
2. Amylopectin

Hint 47

Both start with an "A"

Front 48

Which component of starch has a linear structure with alpha-1,4 linkages? (amylose or amylopectin)

Back 48

Amylose

Front 49

Which component of starch has a branched structure with alpha-1,4 AND alpha-1,6 linkages? (amylose or amylopectin)

Back 49

Amylopectin

Front 50

What is the primary glucose storage form found in ANIMALS?

Back 50

Glycogen

Front 51

What kind of glycosidic linkages are found in glycogen? Are these more or less branched than those in amylopectin?

Back 51

Alpha-glycosidic linkages, similar to amylopectin, but is more highly branched

Front 52

Where are the reducing ends in glycogen molecules?

Back 52

At the ends of the many branches

Front 53

Which enzyme cleaves the branches of glycogen one unit/monomer at a time?

Back 53

Glycogen phosphorylase (Look at the hint for definition of a phosphorlyase)

Hint 53

Phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor.
Do not confuse this enzyme with a phosphatase or a kinase. A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from a donor, while a kinase transfers a phosphate group from a donor (usually ATP) to an acceptor.

Front 54

This enzyme cleaves the alpha-1,4 linkages in glycogen, releasing glucose units from the nonreducing ends of the many branches when the glucose level is low.

Back 54

Glycogen phosphorylase (look at the hint for definition of a phosphorylase)

Hint 54

Do not confuse this enzyme with a phosphatase or a kinase. A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from a donor, while a kinase transfers a phosphate group from a donor (usually ATP) to an acceptor.

Front 55

Which two organs/organ systems produce glycogen from excess glucose?

Back 55

Liver and Muscle

Front 56

This structural polysaccharide in plants is a glucose polymer containing beta-1,4 linkages

Back 56

Cellulose

Front 57

It is an imporant source of fiber in the diet, but supplies no energy because human digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the beta-1,4 linkages

Back 57

Cellulose

Front 58

These are negatively charged polysaccharides containing various sugar acids, amino sugars, and their sulfated derivatives.

They are structural polysaccharides that form a major part of the extracellular matrix

Back 58

Hyaluronic acid and other GAGs