Random Step 1 Equations

Front 1

Michaelis-Menten

Back 1

V = (Vmax X S) / (Km + S)

Front 2

Km vs. Ki

Back 2

Km = affinity of substrate for enzyme

Ki = affinity of enzyme for inhibitor

They are opposing

Front 3

Examples of competitive inhibitors

Back 3

Malonate inhibits SDH

Methotrexate inhibits DHF reductase

Front 4

ΔG

Back 4

ΔG° + RTln X ([C][D]/[A][B])

Where ΔG° is the standard value

Front 5

ΔGeq

Back 5

-RTln X Keq

or

-1.36logKeq

Front 6

Purine

Back 6

A, G

Asp, Gly, Gln, 2 formyl-THFs

Front 7

Pyrimidines

Back 7

C, T, U

Asp, NH3, HCO3-

Front 8

Hydroxyurea

Back 8

Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase

Front 9

MTX and TMP

Back 9

Inhibit DHF reductase

MTX in humans (anti-cancer drug)

TMP in bacteria; immunosuppressant, causes anemia

Front 10

6-MP

Back 10

inhibits PRPP amidotransferase (blocks purine synthesis)

Front 11

5-FU

Back 11

inhibits thymidylate synthase (dTMP synthesis; pyrimidines)

Front 12

Transition vs. transversion of bases

Back 12

Transition: purine --> purine, pyrimidine --> pyrimidine

Transversion: purine --> pyrimidine, and vice versa

Front 13

Unambiguous genetic code

Back 13

1 codon = only 1 AA

Front 14

Degenerate genetic code

Back 14

More than 1 codon = a single AA

Front 15

Silent

Missense

Nonsense mutation

Back 15

Silent- BP change = same AA

Missense- BP change = similar AA (structurally conservative)

Nonsense- BP change = early stop codon

Front 16

Prokoaryotic replication enzymes

Back 16

DNA pol I, II, III

Have alpha and beta subunits
Alpha = pol part
Beta = sliding clamp and processing part

Front 17

Needs of DNA pol III

Back 17

Primer, Mg, Zn, dNTP, and 3'-OH

Front 18

Eukaryotic replication enzymes

Back 18

DNA pol A, B, G, D, E

Front 19

Helicase

Back 19

Unwinds DNA @ replication fork

Front 20

SSBPs

Back 20

Prevent strand reannealing after helicase unwinds

Front 21

Topoisomerase I

Back 21

Nick 1 strand to relieve supercoils

Front 22

Topoisomerase II

Back 22

Nick 2 strands to relieve supercoils

Front 23

DNA gyrase

Back 23

Introduces negative supercoils to relieve tension and favor DNA unwinding

Inhibited by Fluoroquinolones

Front 24

Primase

Back 24

Makes RNA primer for DNA pol III to initiate replication

Front 25

DNA pol I

II

III

Back 25

I: Degrades RNA primer (5'-->3' exonulcease), fills in gap w/DNA

II: Repair

III: Synthesize in 5'-->3' direction

Front 26

DNA ligase

Back 26

Seals/joins Okazaki fragments

Front 27

Nucleoside analogues

Back 27

Lack a a 3'-OH group, so when added, it terminates chain by inhibiting VIRAL DNA pol

Front 28

Single strand DNA repair-
Nucleotide excision repair

Back 28

Endonucleases release a few BPs w/damage, and DNA pol/ligase repair

Xeroderma pigmentosa = def. of UV-specific endonucleases, no repair of thymidine dimers caused by UVB light

Front 29

SS DNA repair- Base excision repair

Back 29

1. glycosylase
2. endonuclease
3. lyase
4. DNA pol
5. ligase

Remove base, remove empty sugar, and repair

Front 30

SS DNA repair- MMR

Back 30

Unmethylated newly synthesized DNA is recognized

Mutated in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

Front 31

Double stranded nonhomologous end joining

Back 31

Bring together 2 ends of DNA fragments, fixing human dsDNA breaks

No homology requirement

Responsible for "antibody diversity"

Front 32

rRNA
mRNA
hnRNA
tRNA
snRNPs

Back 32

rRNA- most abundant
mRNA- longest
hnRNA is pre-processed mRNA
tRNA- smallest type, always end in -CCA
snRNP- made by RNA pol II; remove introns from RNA transcripts so that mRNA can be made (in the spliceosome)

Front 33

Promoter sequences in euk./prok.

Back 33

Euk. CAAT, GC-box. Downstream of start site and TATA-box

Prok. Shine-Delgarno sequence

Front 34

RecBD and RecA

Back 34

Makes 3' overhang, recruits RecA

RecA competes w.ssBPs to form Holliday junx

Front 35

RuvAB and RuvC

Back 35

RuvAB = branch migration

RuvC = resolution

Front 36

Promoter mutation causes what?

Back 36

decreased amount of gene that is transcribed

Front 37

RNA polymerases (initiate transcription) in euk. and prok.

Back 37

Euk. RNA pol I, II, and III
I: rRNA
II: mRNA (a-amantin/deathcap mushrooms)
III: tRNA

Prok. 1 RNA pol that makes all kinds of RNA
Core made of 2 alpha, B, and B1

Front 38

Spliceosome

Back 38

Primary transcript (hnRNA), snRNPs, and other proteins

Forms lariat shape at "A-branch site" for intron excision (hnRNA --> mRNA)

Front 39

Transmembrane domain properties

Back 39

alpha helix

hydrophobic AA (Leu, Iso, Val) outer layer

Hydrophilic core

Beta-sheets (beta-barrel)

Front 40

Exoplasmic leaflet, vs. cytoplasmic leaflet

Back 40

Exo: SM, PC

Cyto: PS, PI, PE

PS is flipped to exoplasmic so annexin V can bind it during apoptosis

Front 41

Microtubule drugs

Back 41

Mebendazole
Griseofulvin
Vincristine/viblastine
Paclitaxel
Colchicine

Front 42

Dynein

Back 42

Retrograde (+ to -)

Kartageners

Front 43

Kinesin

Back 43

Anterograde (- to +)

ATP=powered

Front 44

Membrane fluidity

Back 44

Longer carbon chain = decreased

More double bonds = increased