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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does anatomy study?
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the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another (can be seen and felt)
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What does physiology study?
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the function of the body; how the body parts work
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What is the study of gross/macroscopic anatomy?
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large body structures such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys
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What is regional anatomy?
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when all of the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) are examined at the same time (such as the arm or the leg)
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What is systemic anatomy?
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when body structure is studied system by system (for example, studying the cardiovascular system)
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What is surface anatomy?
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the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (example clinicians use this to locate the blood vessels in which to draw blood)
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What is microscopic anatomy?
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deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Sub-divisions include cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues)
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What is developmental anatomy?
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traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
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What is palpation?
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feelings organs with your hands
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What is auscultation?
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listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
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What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
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the concept that anatomy and physiology are inseperable because functions always reflects structure
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What is the simplest level of the structural hierarchy?
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chemical level; where atoms (tiny building blocks of matter) combine to form molecules (such as water and proteins)
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Which level of the structural hierarchy is after the chemical level?
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cellular level
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What are cells made up of?
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molecules
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what are the smallest units of living things?
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cells
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What level of structural hierachy is after the cellular level?
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tissue level
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What are tissues?
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groups of similar cells that have a common function
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What are the four basic types of tissues?
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1. epithelium
2. muscle 3. connective tissue 4. nervous tissue |
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What does the epithelium tissue do?
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covers the body surface and lines its cavities
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What does muscle tissue do?
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provides movement
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What does connective tissue do?
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supports and protects body organs
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What does nervous tissue do?
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provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
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What does an organ do?
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performs a specific function for the body
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How many tissues is an organ composed of?
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At least two; more commonly four
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What is the level after the tissue level in the levels of structural organization?
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organ level
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What is the level after the organ level in the levels of structural organization?
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organ system level
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What is an organ system?
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organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
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How many organ systems are in the human body?
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11
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What is the highest level of structural organization?
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organism
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What does the organism level represent?
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the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
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What are the necessary life functions for complex animals?
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1. maintain boundaries
2. move 3. respond to environmental changes 4, take in and digest nutrients 5. carry out metabolism 6. dispose of wastes 7. reproduce 8. grow |
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True or false:
All body cells are interdependent |
true
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Why must every living organism maintain its boundaries?
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so that its internal environment trmains distinct from the external environment
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The body as a whole is enclosed and protected by what system?
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integumentary
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What system is movement promoted by?
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muscular system
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What system provides the bony framework that the muscles pull on as they work?
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skeletal system
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What is contractility?
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(on the cellular level) the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening
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What is responsiveness or irritability?
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the ability yo sense changes in the environment and to respond to them
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What is the ability for example if you cut your hand on broken glass and you involuntarily pull your hand away from it?
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responsiveness or irritability
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Which system is most involved with responsiveness?
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the nervous system
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True or false:
All body cells are irritable to some extent |
true
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What is digestion?
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the breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
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Which system distributes nutruent-rich blood to all of the body cells?
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cardiovascular system
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What is metabolism?
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all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells
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What is the process of catabolism?
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breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
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What is anabolism?
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synthesizes more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
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What is cellular respiration?
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using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP
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What is ATP?
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energy-rich molevules that power cellular activities
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Which three systems does metabolism rely on?
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digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems
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Metabolism is regulated by hormones secreted from which system glands?
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endocrine
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What is excretion?
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the process of removing wastes
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Which levels does reproduction occur?
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cellular and organismal levels
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The original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that are used for body growth or repair
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cellular reproduction
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What is the major task of the reproductive system?
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to reproduce a new human
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What system regulates the hormones for the reproductive system?
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endocrine system
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Which system forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands
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Integumentary system
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Which system protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement?
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Skeletal system
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Which system allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture, and produces heat?
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Muscular system
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Which system is the fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?
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Nervous system
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Which system secretes hormones from glands that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?
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Endocrine system
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Which system uses blood vessels to transport blood (which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.)?
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Cardiovascular system
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Which system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris and houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)?
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Lymphatic system
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Which system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide?
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Respiratory system
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Which system breaks down food into absorbable distribution to body cells?
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Digestive system
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Which system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood?
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Urinary system
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What is growth?
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an increase in size of a body part or an organism
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True or false:
For true growth to occur, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones |
true
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What is the ultimate goal of all body systems?
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to maintain life
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what is nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and at atmospheric pressure called?
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survival needs
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What do nutrients contain?
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the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
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True or false:
Most plant-derived foods are rich is carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals |
true
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True or false:
Most animal foods are richer in proteins and fats |
true
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What is the major energy fuel for body cells?
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carbohydrates
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True or false:
Proteins, and to a lesser extent fats, are essential for building cell structures |
true
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True or false:
Fats provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel |
true
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What mineral helps to make bones hard and is required for blood clotting?
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calcium
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All nutrients are useless without what?
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oxygen
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What percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?
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20%
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What percentage does water account for of our body weight?
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60-80%
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What is the most abundant chemical substance in the body?
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water
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What provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions?
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water
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What happens if body temperature drops below 37 degrees C (98.6 degrees F)?
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metabolic reactions slow down and eventually stop
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When body temperature is too ______ chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace and body proteins lose their characteristic shape and stop functioning
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high
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What is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body?
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atmospheric pressure
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What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?
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metabolism
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Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Which two systems accomplish communication?
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the nervous and endocrine systems
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What is the factor or event being regulated called?
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the variable
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True or false:
All homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together |
true
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What is the first component in homeostatic control?
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receptor
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What is the type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes?
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receptor
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What is another word for changes concerning the homeostatic control?
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stimuli
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What is the second component in homeostatic control?
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control center
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True or false:
The receptor sends information to the control center in homeostatic control |
true
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Which pathway does the input flow from the receptor to the control center?
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afferent pathway
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In homeostatic conrtrol, what does the control center determine?
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the set point
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In homeostatic control, what is the set point?
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the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained and determines the appropriate response or course of action
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True or false:
In homeostatic control, the set point analyzes the input it recieves and determines the appropriate response or course of action |
true
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What is the third component in homeostatic control?
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the effector
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In homeostatic control, what happens after the set point determines the appropriate response or course of action?
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Information (output) flows from the control center to the effector
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What pathway does information (output) flow from the control center to the effector?
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efferent pathway
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True or false:
Information traveling along the afferent pathway approaches the control center |
true
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True or false:
Efferent information exists from the control center |
true
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In homeostatic control, what provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus?
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the effector
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True or false:
In homeostatic control, the results of the response feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus, either reducing it or enhancing it |
true
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In homeostatic control, this is when the whole control process is shut off
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negative feedback
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In homeostatic control, this is when the whole control process continues at an even faster rate (enhancing it)
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positive feedback
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True or false:
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms |
true
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True or false:
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are positive feedback mechanisms |
false
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In what part of your brain is your body "thermostat" located?
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hypothalamus
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What is ADH?
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antidiuretic hormone
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The hormone that controls blood volume
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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What is the goal of all negative feedback mechanisms?
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to prevent sudden severe changes within the body
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True or false:
Two examples of positive feedback are contractions during birth and blood clotting |
true
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What hypothalamic hormone intensifies labor contractions during the birth of a baby?
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oxytocin
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What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?
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homeostatis
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Which part makes up the main axis in the body and includes the head, neck, and trunk?
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axial part
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Which part consists of the appendanges, or limbs which are attached to the body's axis?
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appendicular part
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In anatomy, what is another word for cut?
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sectioned
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In anatomy, what is a flat surface called?
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a plane
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What are the three most frequently used body planes?
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sagittal, frontal, and transverse
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True or false:
A section is named for the plane along which it is cut. For example, a cut along a sagittal plane produces a sagittal section. |
true
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Which plane is vertical and divides the body intro right and left parts?
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sagittal plane
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What is a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline?
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median plane or midsaggital plane
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What is the name for all other sagittal planes that are offset from the midline?
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parasagittal planes
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True or false:
Para means near |
true
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Do frontal planes lie vertically or horizontally?
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vertically
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True or false:
Frontal planes, like sagittal planes, lie vertically |
true
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True or false:
Frontal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior parts |
true
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True or false:
Frontal planes are also called coronal planes |
true
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True or false:
Frontal planes are also called cavity planes |
false
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Does a transverse plane run vertically or horizontally?
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horizontally
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What is another name for a transverse plane?
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a horizontal plane
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True or false:
Transverse planes, or horizontal planes, run from right to left |
true
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True or false:
A transverse, or horizontal plane, divides the body into superior and inferior parts. |
true
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What section is also called a transverse section?
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cross section
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True or false:
A transverse section is also called a cross section |
true
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Oblique cuts are made ____________ (diagonally/vertically) between the horizontal and the vertical planes
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diagonally
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The body is erect with feet slightly apart, the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body
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Anatomical position
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What type of cut would seperate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?
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frontal (coronal)
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True or false:
The two main body cavities are the dorsal and ventral body cavities |
true
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Provides different degrees of protection to organs contained within them
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the dorsal and ventral body cavities
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Protects the fragile nervous system organs and has two subdivisions
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dorsal body cavity
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How many subdivisions does the dorsal body cavity have?
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two
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Which cavity in the skull encases the brain?
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cranial cavity
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The cranial cavity, which encases the brain in the skull, is in which body cavity?
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dorsal body cavity
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The cavity within the dorsal body cavity that runs within the bony vertebral column and encloses the delicate spinal cord
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vertebral or spinal cavity
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Which cavity runs within the bony vertebral column?
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the vertebral or spinal cavity
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True or false:
The spinal cord is esentially a continuation of the brain, and the cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with one another |
true
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Which body cavity is the more anterior and large of the closed body cavities?
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ventral body cavity
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How many subdivisions does the ventral body cavity have?
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two, just like the dorsal cavity
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What are the two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
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thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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The ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called what?
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viscera or visceral organs
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True or false:
The thoracic cavity within the ventral body cavity is the superior subdivision |
true
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True or false:
The thoracic cavity within the ventral body cavity is the inferior subdivision |
false
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The thoracic cavity is surrounded by what?
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the ribs and muscles of the chest
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True or false:
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into lateral pleural cavities |
true
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What do the lateral pleural cavities within the thoracic cavity envelope?
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each envelope a lung
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What is the other pleural cavity inside the thoracic cavity?
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mediastinum
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What does the mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity enclose?
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the heart, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)
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What body cavity is the abdominopelvic cavity located in?
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ventral body cavity
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True or false:
The abdominopelvic cavity is more inferior than the thoracic cavity |
true
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True or false:
The abdominopelvic cavity is superior to the thoracic cavity |
false
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What muscle seperates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
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dome-shaped diaphragm
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What shape is the diaphragm?
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dome-shaped
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The diaphragm is important for what?
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breathing
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How many parts does the abdominopelvic cavity have?
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two
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True or false:
The two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity are not physically seperated by a muscular or membrane wall |
true
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Name three organs located in the abdominal cavity
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stomach, intestines, spleen, liver
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Name three organs/systems located within the pelvic cavity
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urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
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What organs are most vulnerable to physical trauma?
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abdominopelvic organs because the walls are formed by trunk muscles and not reinforced by bone
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True or false:
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane |
true
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A thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs
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serosa or serous membrane
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The part of the membrane lining the ventral body cavity walls
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parietal serosa
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parietal
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wall
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True or false:
The parietal serosa folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa and covers the organs in the cavity |
true
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What folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa and covers the organs in the ventral body cavity?
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The parietal serosa
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True or false:
The serous membranes are seperated by air |
false
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True or false:
The serous membranes are seperated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called serous fluid |
true
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a thin layer of lubricating fluid
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serous fluid
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What does slippery serous fluid allow the organs to do?
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to slide without friction across cavity walls and one another
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Freedom of movement is especially important for which two mobile organs?
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the pumping heart and the churning stomach
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inflammation of the pleurae
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pleurisy or peritonitis
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RUQ
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right upper quadrant
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LUQ
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left upper quadrant
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RLQ
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right lower quadrant
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LLQ
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left lower quadrant
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True or false:
Anatomists use two transverse and two parasagittal planes to divide the abdominopelvic regions and quadrants |
true
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True or false:
The two transverse and two parasagittal planes used to divide the abdominopelvic regions and quadrants resemble a tic tac toe board |
true
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How many regions does the anatomical way of dividing the abdominpelvic regions and quadrants have?
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nine
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The centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
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umbilical region
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This region is located superior to the umbilical region
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epigastric region
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upon or above
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epi
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belly
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gastri
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epi
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upon or above
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gastri
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belly
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This region is located inferior to the umbilical region
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hypogastric (pubic) region
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hypo
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below
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These regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region
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right and left iliac or inguinal regions
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inguinal regions
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right and left iliac
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These regions of the abdominopelvic regions lie lateral to the umbilical region
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rigt and left lumbar regions
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lumbus
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loin
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loin
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lumbus
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These regions of the abdominopelvic regions lie lateral to the epigastric region
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right and left hypochondriac regions
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chondro
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cartilage
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True or false:
In addition to the large closed body cavities, there are several smaller body cavities |
true
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True or false:
In addition to the large closed body cavities, there are not several other smaller body cavities |
false
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True or false:
There are several other small body cavities in addition to the large closed body cavities and they are mostly in the head and open to the body exterior |
true
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The cavity that contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue; nad is continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the exterior at the anus
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oral cavity
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Located within the posterior to the nose and is part of the resporatory system passageways
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nasal cavity
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The cavity in the skull that houses the eyes and presents them in an anterior position
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orbital cavities
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This cavity is located in the skull and lies just medial to the eardrums. They contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
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middle ear cavities
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These cavities are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints of the body (such as the elbow and knee joints)
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synovial cavities
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These cavities, like the serous membranes, have membranes that secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another
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synovial cavities
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The cavity in the skull that houses the eyes and presents them in an anterior position
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orbital cavities
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This cavity is located in the skull and lies just medial to the eardrums. They contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
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middle ear cavities
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These cavities are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints of the body (such as the elbow and knee joints)
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synovial cavities
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These cavities, like the serous membranes, have membranes that secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another
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synovial cavities
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