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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hospital diets
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range from clear liquid up to full regular diet to diabetic diets
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CHO (carbohydrates) are ___% of total calories.
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50-60 %
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Fat is ___% of total calories
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30%
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Protein is ____% of total calories
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10-20%
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The average adult eats approximately ___ calories a day
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2000 cal/day
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4,9,4 cal per gram
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4 CHO, 9 fat, 4 protein
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BROW (think gluten free)
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Avoid Barley, Rye, Oats, Wheat on a Gluten Free diet.
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Low protein
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ESRD
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Low residue
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low in fiber (cellulose)
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High residue
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high fiber
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Anthropometrics
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age, weight, height, sex, skinfold, and arm circumference
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ABCD of Assessment
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Anthropometrics, Biochemical tests, Clinical observation, Dietary and personal histories.
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Serum albumin
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3.5-5.5 g/dl (range)
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Prealbumin
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15.7-29.6 mg/dl (normal range)
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Creatinin (breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle)
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0.5-1.1. mg/dl (normal range)
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BUN (Blood urea nitrogen)-measurement of renal function.
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10-20 mg/dl is normal range
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Whole grains
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contain the entire grain kernel (whole wheat flour, bulgur, oatmeal, brown rice, whole cornmeal)
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Refined grains
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have been milled, a process that removes the bran and germ and may also remove fiber, iron and many B vitamins.
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Enriched
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put nutrients that were taken out of the product back into the product
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Fortified
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put nutrients into a food product that are not found naturally in it, example Vitamin D and calcium added to Orange Juice
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Nutrients are ...
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substances found in food that are digested and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and then used in the body's metabolic process
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Nutrients are found in
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Water, Carbohydrates, Fat, Protein, Minerals and Vitamins
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GRAS
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Generally Recognized As Safe
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Imitation
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same flavor but not nutrients
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Water composes ___% of total body weight.
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60-70%. Lean people contain more water than obese people, infants have greater % of total body weight as water and older people have less. Men have greater % then women
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When CHO, fat and protein are metabolized ____ is produced
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H2O
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Daily water loss approx ____cc in urine
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1400-1500cc
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Carbohydrates (CHO)
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composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Obtained mostly from plant foods and lactose. Classified according to their sugar units or saccharides.
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When we breakdown fats
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ketones develope
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Ketoacidosis
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the body fails to adequately regulate ketone production causing such a severe accumulation of keto acids that the pH of blood is substantially decreased, it can be fatal.
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Kwashiorkor
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acute form of childhood protein deficiency char. by edema of legs, arms and face. moon face. moderate low weight, wasted, weak muscles, poor appetite, pale, thin, peeling skin. high mortality rate.
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Marasmus
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form o severe protein deficiency. extreme low weight, extreme wasting, "old person face", decreased energy and nutrients.
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Water soluble vitamins
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B and C
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Fat soluble vitamins
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A, D, E, K
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Water vitamins (storage)
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cannot be stored in the body
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Fat soluble vitamins (storage)
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can be stored in the body
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Keratomalacia is caused by (eye disorder that leads to dry cornea)
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Vitamin A deficiency
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Minerals are essential as
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catalysts in biochemical reactions. Essential (macro minerals) 100 mg/day is needed and trace less than 100 mg/day is needed
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Essential minerals are
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Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus.
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Trace minerals are
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Copper, Fluoride, Iodine, Iron, and Zinc
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Metabolism
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the sum of all the physiological and chemical reactions that take place in the body
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Anabolism
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build up
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Catabolism
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breakdown
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BMR (Basal Metabolism Rate)
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Maintenance of muscle tone and body temperature, glandular and cellular activity, circulation and respiration
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Russell's sign is seen in
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Bulimia
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Obesity is a BMI of
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30 or more
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Dumping syndrome
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draws fluid in quickly to small intestine and the urge to deficate is felt fast
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GERD
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reflux of gastric secretion into the esophagus. Predisposing conditions are hiatal hernia, incompetent LES, decreased gastric emptying time
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Pyrosis
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heartburn
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Hiatal Hernia
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herniation of a portion of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm. Causes: Weakening of the muscles in the diaphragm, obesity, pregnancy, ascites, heavy lifting with improper body mechanics.
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Fundolopication
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wrap stomach around the esophagus below the diaphragm.
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Achalasia
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absence of peristalsis of the lower esophagus and tightened LES
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Halitosis
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foul smelling breath
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PUD
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peptic ulcer disease. Erosion of the GI mucosa.
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H. Pylori
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bacteria that attacks the mucosal lining and causes ulcers.
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Gastric Ulcers
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pain 1-2 hours after eating.
in epigastric area of the stomach. high left epigastrium |
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Duodenal ulcers
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pain 2-4 hours after eating. midepigastrium and upper abdomen. 80% of all ulcers are these.
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complication of ulcers
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hemorrhage and perforation (phrenic nerve-pain in the left shoulder)
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Gastritis
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can lean to PUD. Inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
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Upper GI bleeding
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Hematemesis: vomits coffee ground like material.
Melena-black tarry stool. Occult bleeding |
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Causes of Upper GI bleed
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Corticosteroids, Aspirin, NSAID, cirrhosis of liver, Mallory Weiss syndrome-tear in esophagus association with alcoholism, gastritis, polyps, stress ulcer, PUD
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Tx of upper GI bleed
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Transendoscopic electrocoagulation and thermal probe-coagulate or thrombose the bleeding site, surgery, drug therapy
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Upper GI bleed drug tx
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Vasopressin vasoconstricts and decrease HCL secretion.
Sandostation reduces splanchnic blood flow and HCL secretion. Given in IV boluses up to 5 to 6 days after initial bleed. Antacids |
