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173 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the Spearman-Brown Formula used for?
Used to calculate a general best estimate in split-half procedures.
What is Internal Consistency Procedures called and what is it used for?
- Coefficient Alpha
- Directly assess the consistency of test items by comparing each item to the overall test score
What is the Kuder-Richardson formula used for?
Estimates test reliability by examining how all items on a test relate to each other.
In testing, what is Inter-rater Reliability?
Calculates the degree to which different raters arrive at similar judgments.
What is Standard Error of Measurements (SEM) used for?
- Method of checking reliability
- 68% of time the examinee's true score will fall withing +1 and -1 SEM of obtained score
- Test items with high reliability .75-1.0, low reliability 0.0-.24
What is a Speed test?
So many test items that no one can finish in the allotted time.
What is a "power test"?
Includes very difficult items which few, if any, subjects could answer correctly.
In testing, what is face validity?
The degree to which items on a test appear to measure the construct of interest.
In testing, what is content validity?
The degree to which a sample of test items represent the content area the test is supposed to measure.
In testing, what is criterion-related validity?
Determines extent to which a test can predict, diagnose or classify an individual's behavior.
1) predictive- predicts future outcomes
2) diagnostic- diagnose or identify existing state
3) concurrent- determines how well a test measures what it was designed to measure by comparing performance on the test to external criteria.
In testing, what is construct validity?
Extent to which a test measures a concept, construct or trait of interest.
What is the difference between criterion-referenced vs. normative-referenced tests?
Criterion-referenced compare group or individual performance with a predetermined set of criteria (drivers license test). Normative-referenced compare individuals with each other or a previous group who took the test (final exam).
Who developed the US version of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
Terman.
What is the age range of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
Age 2-adult.
Define basal age vs. ceiling age of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
Basal age: level at which all test items are passed.
Ceiling age: level at which all test items are failed.
What is the age range for the WAIS-III?
Age 16-74.
What is the age range of the WISC-IV?
Ages 6-16 years, 11 months.
What are the 4 scales of WISC-IV?
VCI- Verbal Comprehension Index
PRI- Perceptual Reasoning Index
WMI- Working Memory Index
PSI- Processing Speed Index
What is the age range of the WPPSI-III?
Ages 3-7 years, 3 months.
What is the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT) used to identify?
Gifted students.
What is the age of the System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA)?
Ages 5-11.
What child test takes into account cultural factors with versions for black, Hispanic and white and involves a parent interview and a child interview?
System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA)
What is the age range of the Gessel Developmental Schedules?
Ages 4 weeks to 5 years.
What child test is best used to identify early neurological deficits?
Gessel Developmental Schedules
What is the age range of Bayley Scales of infant development?
Ages 2 months- 30 months.
What is the age range of McCarthy Scales of Childrens Abilities and how many scales does it have?
Ages 2.6 years to 8.6 years.
6 scales of cognitive and motor development.
What does Miller Assessment for Preschoolers identify?
Preschooler with mild-moderate developmental delays
What does Vineland Social Maturity Scale assess?
Individual competency in taking personal responsibility and seeing to practical needs.
What does the AAMR Adaptive Behavior rate?
Behavioral abilities for M.R. persons.
What population uses the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS)?
Nursery school children or children with impaired vrbal functioning.
What is the age range of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency?
Ages 4.5-14.5 years.
What is the age range of the Hiskey-Nebraska and what does it measure?
Ages 3-16 years.
Assesses hearing impairment.
What is the population, format and age range of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary?
Ages 2.5-18 years.
Consists of 150 plates with 4 pictures and is used with M.R. persons.
For what population and for what purpose is the Leiter International Performance Scale (LIPS) used?
LIPS is an I.Q. test for minority clients which eliminates instruction.
What is the age range and who developed the Culture Fair Intelligence Scale (CFIS)?
Ages 4-8 + M.R., 8-13 + average adult, 10-16 superior adult.
Developed by Cattell.
What is the age range and format of Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Ages 8-65.
Non-verbal I.Q. test with designs in which a piece has been left out.
What is the age range and purpose of the Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT)?
Students grade 7-12 plus adults.
Measures students ability to learn in different areas.
Who developed the General Aptitude Test Battery?
Frank Parsons with the U.S. Employment Service.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "L" score?
Lie score: inventory completed randomly.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "F" score?
Fake Bad: degree to which the examinee is willing to report symptoms.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "K" score?
Defensive: guardedness.
On the MMPI-2 what is are the VRIM and TRIN scores?
Accessment of subtle bias.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "HS" score?
Hypocondriasis: physical complaints, weakeness.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "DE" score?
Depression: worry, discouragement, hopelessness.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "HY" score?
Hysteria: specific somatic complaints or denial.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "PD" score?
Psychopathic deviant: asocial behaviors.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "MF" score?
Masculine-feminine.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "PA" score?
Paranoia: easily hurt, suspicious.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "PT" score?
Psychasthenia: narcissism, anxiety, self-doubt.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "SC" scale?
Schizophrenia: bizarre emotions, social alienation.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "MA" scale?
Hypomania: expansive, egotism, irritability.
On the MMPI-2 what is the "SI" scale?
Social introversion: worry, lack of confidence.
What is the purpose of the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)?
Self-reporting inventory for adults which allow for differential diagnosis wih DSM-IV.
What is the format and age range of the Personality Inventory for Children?
Ages 6-16.
Similar to MMPI but uses informants to inventory observed behavior.
What is the purpose of the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (BGT)?
Assess maturation f visual-motor function in children and organic problems in adults.
What is the purpose of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery?
Screen for brain damage.
What is the age range and purpose of the Illinois Test Of Psycholingistic Abilities (ITPA)?
Age 2-10.
Assess liguistic abilities of handicapped children.
What is the purpose of the Porch Index of Communicative Ability in Children (PICAC)?
Detects learning disabilities.
What is the purpose of Kaufman ABC?
Detects learning disabilities.
What is the age range and format of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI)?
Ages 13 and over.
Personality inventory with 480 items, half from MMPI.
What is the age range and purpose of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)?
Ages 16 and over.
Personality inventory developed by Cattell.
What is the age range and purpose of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)?
Age 18 and over.
15 personal needs and motives inventory based on Murray's Manifest Needs System.
What is the Strong Interest Inventory (SII) and who developed it?
Developed by Holland.
RIASEC: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional
What is the population of the Career Assessment Inventory (CAI)?
Similar to SII for people who don't want to go to college.
What is the purpose of the Kuder Preference Record?
Career inventory using forced choice triad.
Who developed and what is the purpose of the Self-Directed Search (SDS)?
Holland's self-administered career analysis.
What is Jung's Logos vs. Eros Principal?
Men operate on logic (logos) while women operate on intuition (eros).
What is Jung's Logos vs. Eros Principal?
Men operate on logic (logos) while women operate on intuition (eros).
Who founded "individual psychology"?
Alfred Adler
What are the major tennets of "individual psychology"?
Individuals are always "becoming" or trying to achieve a self-ideal.
People try to overcome inferiority.
Birth order is significant.
Early recollections are key to understand an individual's style of life.
Who founded "individual psychology"?
Alfred Adler
What theory was Harry Stack Sullivan know for?
The importance of friendships. Experiences interpersonal relationships through 3 modes of experience:
Protaxic: Infancy
Parataxic: Early childhood
Syntaxic: Later childhood
What are the major tennets of "individual psychology"?
Individuals are always "becoming" or trying to achieve a self-ideal.
People try to overcome inferiority.
Birth order is significant.
Early recollections are key to understand an individual's style of life.
Who founded "ego psychology", where ego functioning rather than id became the theorectical focus?
Heinz Hartmann
What theory was Harry Stack Sullivan know for?
The importance of friendships. Experiences interpersonal relationships through 3 modes of experience:
Protaxic: Infancy
Parataxic: Early childhood
Syntaxic: Later childhood
Who founded "ego psychology", where ego functioning rather than id became the theorectical focus?
Heinz Hartmann
Who theorized that neurosis was the result of "basic anxiety" and wrote about the"tyranny of shoulds"?
Karen Horney
Who coined the term "identity crisis"?
Erik Erikson
What is the crisis of Erikson's 1st developmental stage: Early infancy (birth-1 year)?
Basic trust vs. mistrust
What is the crisis of Erikson's 2nd developmental stage: Later infancy (1-2 years)?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
What is the crisis of Erikson's 3rd stage: Early childhood (3-5 years)?
Initiative vs. guilt
What is the crisis of Erikson's 4th stage: Middle childhood(6-11 years)?
Industry vs. inferiority
What is the crisis of Erikson's 5th stage: Adolescence (12-20)?
Idenitity vs. role confusion
What is the crisis of Erikson's 6th stage: Early adulthood (20-35)?
Intimacy vs. isolation
What is the crisis of Erikson's 7th stage: Middle adulthood (35-65)?
Generativity vs. stagnation
What is the crisis of Erikson's 8th stage: Late adulthood (65+)?
Integrity vs. despair
Name at least 2 major object relations theorists.
Margaret Mahler
Otto Kernburg
Heinz Kohut
J.F. Masterson
Name the 2 major existential/humanistic theorists.
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Name Piaget's four developmental stages.
Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Pre-operational (2-6)
Concrete operational (6-12)
Formal operational (12+)
What is the difference between Piaget's "heteronomous morality" and "autonomous morality"?
Heteronomous: age 4-7, rules are absolute and cannot be changed.
Autonomous: age 10, rules are created by people and can be changed.
Name Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development.
1. Obedience and punishment
2. Instrumental relativist
3. Interpersonal concordance
4. Authority, las and duty
5. Social contract
6. Universal ethics
What theorist thought Kohlberg's stages of moral development were too male oriented and suggested care and interpersonal relationships need to be considered?
Carol Gilligan
Name William G. Perry's 4 developmental stages of college students.
1. Dualism- views world in absolute terms
2. Multiplicity- able to view the world from multiple perspectives.
3. Relativism- understands that knowledge and value are relative and contextual.
4. Commitment in Relativism- takes responsibility to establish an identity in a pluralistic world.
Name, in order, Super's 5 LIFE STAGES of vocational development.
1. Growth
2. Exploration
3. Establishment
4. Maintenance
5. Decline
Name, in order, Ginzberg's 3 stages of career development.
1. Fantasy
2. Tentative
3. Realistic
Explain Super's archway of career determinants.
Balance of biographical pillar (needs, values, interests) and geographical pillar (economy, society, labor market) with self role and develpmental stage across the arch.
Name, in order, Super's 5 vocational developmental stages.
1. Crystalization
2. Specification
3. Implimentation
4. Stabilization
5. Consolidation
What is the definition of career education?
The provision of structured knowledge and skills Programs appropriate for individual developmental stages.
Who created T-groups (training groups) in association with the National Training Laboratory?
Kurt Lewin
What is cybernetics?
The study of common processes in closed system. Family therapist use this model because it introduces the idea of circular causality by way of the feedback loop.
What paradigm is Fritz Perls associated with?
Gestalt therapy.
What paradigm is Glasser associated with?
Reality therapy.
What paradigm is Berne associated with?
Transactional analysis.
What paradigm are Beck and Meichenbaum associated with?
Cognitive therapy.
What paradigm is Carl Rogers associated with?
Person-Centered therapy.
Who formulated Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT)?
Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr.
Who pioneered Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?
Albert Ellis
Describe Childhood Disintegrative Disorder.
A condition in which children develop normally until age 3 or 4, but then demonstrate a severe loss of social, communication and other skills.
Name, in order, Jane Loevinger's 7-stage ego development sequence?
1. Presocial/symbiotic
2. Impulsive
3. Opportunistic
4. Conformist
5. Conscientious
6. Autonomous
7. Integrated
Which theorist believed that a person is born a "blank slate" and only inherits 3 basic emotions: fear, love and rage?
John Watson
Who developed a mathematically-oriented theory of motivational process?
Clark Hull
Who theorized that all neurotic behavior is an expression of anxiety and that psychosis is learned?
Joseph Wolpe
Who developed social learning theory based on the belief that an individual learns new behaviors by identify and imitating other?
Albert Bandura
Whose one-shot learning theory challenged the belief that learning is a gradual process requiring repeated reinforcement?
Edwin R. Guthrie
What tests are trait theorist Henry Murray famous for?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)
Children's Apperception Test (CAT)
Senior Apperception Test (SAT)
Who compiled a list of 171 surface traits for rating individuals and created the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)?
Raymond Cattell
Who developed the "Strange Situation", which is an observational measure of infant attachment that requires an infant to move through a series of introductions, separations and reunions?
Mary Ainsworth
In systemic therapy, what is isomorphism?
It is similar to parallel process where the interaction between the therapist and the client is similar to the client's interactions with others.
What are the 4 stages of the Littrell, Lee-Borden and Lorenz model of supervision?
1. Relationship building, goal setting, contracting.
2. Emphasis on teaching.
3. Supervisor adopts a collegial role.
4. Supervisor becomes a consultant.
What are the 4 levels of the Stoltenberg model of supervision?
1. Supervisee is very dependent: limited autonomy should be encouraged.
2. Characterized by dependency-autonomy conflict: supervisor should offer less structure and instruction.
3. Characterized by conditional dependency: supervisor.
4. The master counselor: supervision is collegial.
What are the 5 stages of development in supervision?
1. Forming: getting to know each other, safety, security
2. Storming: stage of conflict and emotional expression, leadership, authority
3. Norming: group cohesion, establishing rules, norms
4. Performing: clear understanding of work rules, roles
5. Adjourning: termination and transition
What is the philosophy of Satir's family therapy?
People have an innate growth tendency. The goal is to improve self-esteem and communication.
What is the philosophy of Whitaker's family therapy?
- Emphasis is on the here and now.
- The focus of therapy is the quality of ongoing experience.
- Emotional expression is the medium of shared experience and means to fulfillment.
- No systemic model, the personality of the therapist is a key instrument.
Who founded structural family therapy and what is the philosophy?
- Families need to unfreeze from rigid patterns of behavior.
- The goal is to change the underlying structure f the family to address the presenting problem.
What are 4 forms of pathology associated with structural family therapy?
1. Pathology of boundaries: too rigid or too diffuse.
2. Pathology of alliances
3. Pathology of triad
4. Pathology of hierarchy: children taking parental role
In structural family therapy, what is mimesis?
The adoption of the client's communication style by the therapist.
Who founded strategic family therapy?
Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes.
What is the philosophy of strategic family therapy?
- views family as a rule-governed system.
- family members vy for control.
- problems arise when family structure is unclear or inappropriate.
Name some techniques of strategic family therapy.
- "Devil's pact" where family agrees to follow rigorous task assigned by therapist.
- Prescribing the symptom
- Restraining changes: therapist warns family they are changing too fast
- Ordeals: therapist prescribes an ordeal that is greater than the distress of the current problem.
What is the philosophy of Bowen's family systems therapy?
- Main disfunction is emotional fusion.
- Goal of therapy is a high differentiation of self.
Name some of the key concepts of Bowen's family therapy.
- Differentiation of self
- Triangles
- Nuclear family emotional system: anxiety projected from individuals onto the family
- Family projection system: parents project disfunction onto children
- Emotional cutoff
- Multigenerational transmission process: disfunction over generations
- Sibling position
- Societal regression: emotional process of society impacts the emotional process of the family
What is the philosophy of Milan systemic family therapy?
- Views patterns of interaction being passed down through generations
- Family is given a long time between sessions
- Focus is both change of behavior and cognition
- Team approach which hypothesizes role of symptoms
Name some of the key concepts of Milan systemic family therapy.
- Circularity
- Hypothesis: explanation by the therapy team regarding roles of the symptom
- Positive connotation: symptoms serve a logical purpose
- Family games: organizational patterns around which a family interacts
- Alliances: connections between 2 individuals that exclude a 3rd
Who founded cognitive behavioral family therapy?
Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
What is the philosophy of cognitive behavioral family therapy?
- Focuses on eliminating undesirable behaviors
- Family determines the desired change and the therapist empowers the family
- Emotional problems are caused by irrational beliefs
In cognitive behavioral therapy, what is the Theory of Social Exchange?
People try to maximize profits and minimize costs. In a healthy relationship individuals look to maximize a rewarding relationship. In a dysfunctional relationship partners focus on self-protection.
What is the philosophy of brief solution focused family therapy?
- When the focus is drawn to exceptions then change is more likely
- Cause of the problem is de-emphasized and therapy is goal-focused
What is the philosophy of narrative family therapy?
- Utilizes the metaphor of a narrative to help clients overcome a problem-saturated story and embrace a new story
- Therapist draws the story out of the client and helps reauthor
What was Helen Kaplan known for?
Guru of treating sexual disfunction.
What is propinquity?
Means proximity. We are apt to select a mate who lives nears us.
Name the founder of object relations theory and name the 4 stages though with the self develops.
Margaret Mahler.
1. Normal infantile autism (first 3-4 weeks)
2. Normal Symbiosis (3-8 onths)
3. Separation-individuation (begins 4-5th month)
4. Constancy of self and object (36th month)
What are T-Groups?
Called "training groups" or "laboratory-training groups" they focus on human relation processes in a business setting.
What are Encounter Group?
Associated with Carl Rogers, encounter group emphasize personal growth and include "Marathon Groups" which can last several days.
Who founded psychodrama groups?
Joseph Moreno
Who founded Gestalt Groups and what is the philosophy?
Found by Fritz Perls, this therapy focuses on the "here and now", pointing out unauthentic behaviors, "I" statements and acting out unfinished business from early life.
Who founded Transactional Analysis Groups and what is the philosophy?
Founded by Eric Berne, this therapy focuses on identifying illogical beliefs, educate on the 3 ego states (Parent, Adult, Child) and explore the "games" they play.
Who founded Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Groups (REBT) and what is the philosophy?
Founded by Albert Ellis, this therapy focuses on replacing irrational beliefs with more rational cognitive processing and rejecting self-defeating behaviors.
Who founded Reality Therapy Groups and what is the philosophy?
Founded by William Glasser, this therapy focuses on irresponsible choices and ineffective behaviors. Individuals may be the product of past experiences but are only victims f they choose to be.
What is the Hoff Model of crisis assessment?
To assess the "vulnerablility" of the client the crisis work must consider:
1. the hazardous event
2. the precipitating factor
3. the person's reaction
What is the Slaikeu Model of crisis assessment?
This is a multidimentional assessment of the affective, behavioral, physical and cognitive aspects of crisis reactions. This model is a modification of Lazarus' BASIC-ID approach.
What is Kanel's A-B-C Model of crisis intervention?
A. Developing and maintain contact.
B. Identifying the problem and therapeutic interaction
C. Assisting the client in taking charge of his/her wn behavior so he/she learns to cope with the crisis.
What is James & Gilliand's Six-Step Model of Crisis Intervention?
1. define the problem
2. insure client safety
3. provide support
4. examine alternatives
5. make a plan
6. obtain commitment
What is the definition of society?
A group of people living together with prescribed patterns of interdependent behavior.
Who founded Field Theory, also called Life-Space Theory?
Kurt Lewin
In career development, who founded Information Processing Theory?
Gelatt
Margaret Mahler, a central influence on object relations theory, suggests that the self develops through what 4 broad stages?
1) Normal infantile autism (3-4 weeks)
2) Normal symbiosis (3-8 months)
3) Separation-Individuation (begins 4-5 month)
4) Constancy of self and object (36th month)
What is the name of Gelatt's career decision making model and what is the process?
"Positive uncertainty" describes the condition of today's river of life. The successful decision maker needs to be accepting and positive about uncertainty.
What are Gelatt's four factors to be considered in career counseling?
The four factors to be considered are:
1. What you want
2. What you know
3. What you believe
4. What you do
What was Clark Hull famous for?
His developement of a mathematically theory of motivational drives. Hull believed man is basically a survivor and will respond in such a way to insure his continued survival.
What is "item difficulty index"?
Describes the percentage of persons who answer an item correctly.
What is "item discrimination index"?
Describes the relative performance of the top and bottom quarter of the distribution of the sample on the item.
What is deprivational dwarfism?
Infants deprived of love and warm are stunted in length and weight.
What is the philosophy of Tiedeman's career theory and what are his 7 steps?
Tiedeman is a decision making theorist and believes in self empowerment. The 7 steps are:
1. exploration
2. crystallization
3. choice
4. clarification
5. induction
6. reformation
7. integration
What is Barbara Okun's career theory and her 3 life cycles?
Okun's model is a synthesis of developmental and systems theory. Her Developmental Systems Theory has 3 life cycles:
1. individual
2. family
3. career
What is the I.Q. range and associated functionality of M.R. categories?
I.Q. = 50-70: Mild, Educable
I.Q. = 35-55: Moderate, trainable
I.Q. = 20-40: Severe
I.Q. = below 20: Profound
What is the philosophy of Bowen Family System therapy?
The main dysfunction in troubled families is emotional fusion. The goal of therapy is differentiation of self.
Describe content validity.
Content validity refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social construct. For example, a depression scale may lack content validity if it only assesses the affective dimension of depression but fails to take into account the behavioral dimension.
Describe construct validity.
Construct validity refers to whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized psychological construct (e.g., "fluid intelligence") that it purports to measure. In lay terms, construct validity answers the question: "Are we actually measuring (are these means a valid form for measuring) what (the construct) we think we are measuring?"
Describe face validity.
Face validity is a property of a test intended to measure something. It is the validity of a test at face value. In other words, a test can be said to have face validity if it "looks like" it is going to measure what it is supposed to measure. For instance, if you prepare a test to measure whether students can perform multiplication, and the people you show it to all agree that it looks like a good test of multiplication ability, you have shown the face validity of your test.
Describe criterion-related validity.
Criterion validity is a measure of how well one variable or set of variables predicts an outcome based on information from other variables, and will be achieved if a set of measures from a personality test relate to a behavioral criterion that psychologists agree on.
Concurrent validity and predictive validity are two types of criterion-related validity.
Describe concurrent validity.
Concurrent validity is demonstrated where a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated. The two measures may be for the same construct, or for different, but presumably related, constructs.

The two measures are taken at the same time. This is in contrast to predictive validity, where one measure occurs earlier and is meant to predict some later measure.
Describe predictive validity.
Predictive validity is the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure.

For example, the validity of a cognitive test for job performance is the correlation between test scores and, for example, supervisor performance ratings. Such a cognitive test would have predictive validity if the observed correlation were statistically significant.
Name 8 key concepts of Bowen Family System therapy.
1. Differentiation of self
2. Triangles
3. Nuclear famil emotional system
4. Family projection process
5. Emotional cutoff
6. Multigenerational transmission process
7. Sibling position
8. Societal regression