Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Matter
|
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
|
|
How is "Mass" described?
|
By its energy equivalence,not its weight
|
|
What are the building blocks of matter?
|
Atoms and Molecules
|
|
Define Energy.
Name two forms. |
The abilty to do work.
Potential: by virtue of position. Kinetic: by virtue of motion. |
|
Name five energy forms
|
1. Chemical
2. Electrical 3. Thermal 4. Nuclear 5. Electromagnetic |
|
What is the Mass Energy Equivalence equation?
|
E = MC2
|
|
What is radiation?
|
Energy transmitted through space.
|
|
What is ionizing radiation?
|
Any radiation capable of removing an orbital electron from an atom.
|
|
Name two main sources of ionizing radiation.
|
Natural environmental radiation.
Man-made radiation. |
|
Name three components of Natural Environmental Radiation.
|
1. Cosmic Rays.
2. Terrestrial radiation. 3. Internally deposited radionuclides. |
|
What is the largest contributor to Natural radiation?
How much does it contribute? |
Radon.
198 mrem of the total 300mrem dose that humans receive. |
|
What are the components of man-made radiaion?
|
1. Medical X-rays 39mrem
2. Nuclear medicine 14mrem 3. Consumer products 10mrem 4. Nuclear power & 2mrem industrial |
|
What percentage of our annual radiation dose is from X-rays?
|
About 11%
|
|
Who discovered X-rays?
When? |
Wilhelm Roentgen
November 8th 1895 |
|
What type of tube was Roentgen using?
|
Crookes tube.
|
|
What type of plate was Roentgen using?
What effect did Xrays have on it? |
Barium Platinocyanide.
Fluorescence. |
|
When did Roentgen complete his research on X-rays?
When did he receive his Nobel prize? |
By the end of 1895.
1901 |
|
Name three reasons why the discovery of X-rays is amazing.
|
1. It was accidental
2. Fewer than 1 dozen people had already seen them. 3. Roentgen investigated all of their properties within 1 month. |
|
Name two general types of X-ray examination.
|
1. Radiography - pictures.
2. Fluoroscopy - moving images. |
|
What are two electrical factors common to X-ray production?
|
1. Voltage - kVp
2. Current - mA |
|
What was one development that helped to reduce exposure time?
|
The fluorescent Intensifying Screen.
|
|
Who discovered the Intensfying Screen?
|
Michael Pupin - 1896
|
|
Who developed Double-Emulsion film?
|
Charles Leonard -1904
|
|
What was the substitute for glass film plates?
|
Cellulose Nitrate.
|
|
Who developed the fluoroscope?
|
Thomas Edison - 1898
|
|
Name two fluorescent materials used today.
|
1. Zinc Cadmium Sulfide.
2. Calcium Tungstate. |
|
What two devices helped reduce exposure to X-rays?
Who developed them? |
1. Collimation to restrict the beam.
2. Filtration to remove weak rays. 3. William Rollins |
|
What two major developments transformed X-ray production?
|
1. The Snook transformer - 1907.
2. The Coolidge Tube - 1913. |
|
What is the main characteristic of the Snook transformer?
|
Interruptorless high voltage supply.
|
|
What are the two main characteristicc of the Coolidge tube?
|
1. Hot Cathode.
2. A Vacuum tube (not gas-filled). |
|
What properties could be varied in the Coolidge tube?
|
X-ray intensity and energy.
|
|
What device improved contrast?
When was it developed? |
The Potter-Bucky Grid.
1921. |
|
What device improved fluoroscopy?
When was it developed? |
The light amplifier tube - 1946
Image-Intensified Fluoroscopy - 1950 |
|
When did diagnostic ultrasound appear?
|
The 1960s
|
|
What is PET and CT?
When were they developed? |
Positive Emission Tomography.
Computed Tomography. In the 1970s. |
|
What is MRI and MEG?
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - 1980s.
MagnetoEncephaloGraphy |
|
What is ALARA?
Name the general approach to radiation safety. |
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
for exposure to radiation. Do not become complacent! |
|
What are the three main principles of radiation exposure control?
|
1. Time.
2. Distance. 3. Shielding. |
|
Name six radiation-reducing protection devices.
|
1. Filtration.
2. Collimation. 3. Intensifying Screens. 4. Protective clothing. 5. Gonadal shielding. 6. Barriers. |
|
Who should not be X-rayed?
What should be avoided with other patients? |
The abdomin of expectant mothers.
Repeat exposures and unnecessary X-rays. |
|
Name three properties of X-rays.
|
1. Highly penetrating and invisible form of electromagnetic radiation.
2. Electrically neutral and not affected by electromagnetic fields. 3. Produced over a wide variety of wave lengths and energies. |
|
Name three of the ten commandments of radiation protection.
|
1. Understand the cardinals of radiation control: Time, Distance, Shielding.
2. Do not let familiarity make you complacent. 3. Never stand in the primary beam. |
|
Name three properties of X-rays.
|
4. They release very small amounts of heat when they pass through matter.
5. They travel in straight lines. 6. They travel at the speed of light. |
|
Name three of the ten commandments of radiation protection.
|
4. Wear protective apparel.
5. Wear a radiation monitor outside the protective apron. 6. Do not hold the patient during the examination. |
|
Name three properties of X-rays.
|
7. They can ionize matter.
8. They cause fluorescence. 9. They cannot be focussed by a lens. |
|
Name three of the ten commandments of radiation protection.
|
7. Shield the person holding the patient.
8. Use gonadal shields. 9. Avoid examining the abdomin and pelvis of pregnant women especially in the first trimester. |
|
Name three properties of X-rays.
|
10. They affect photographic film.
11. They produce chemical and biological changes because of ionization. 12. They produce secondary or scatter radiation. |
|
What is the last commandment of radiation protection?
|
10. Always collimate to the smallest field size appropriate.
|