Radiology Week 5

Front 1

Radiolucent

Back 1

Black, doesn't apear on a radiograph

Front 2

Radiopaque

Back 2

White, appearson a radiograph

Front 3

Positive contrast media

Back 3

High density, absorb more x-rays, fewer to penetrate and expose the film, turns up white on radiographs.

Two common types are Barium sulfate and water soluble organic iodides

Front 4

Barium Sulfate

Back 4

Most common positive contrast for studies of the GI tract.

Insoluble
Great mucosal detail on radiographs
Takes 3+ hours to travel through the stomach to colon.

DO NOT USE WITH GI PERFORATIONS AND AVOID ASPIRATIONS

Front 5

Organic Iodide

Back 5

Water soluble forms given IV or orally. Hollow viscous subarachnoid space

Absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted by kidneys

Tolerated by body and show up well on radiograph

Front 6

Ionic Iodides

Back 6

ONLY USE IF GI PERFORATION IS SUSPECTED

Rapid, 45-60 min, hypertonic solution that draws ffluid into the bowel decreasing the quality of radiograph

IV can cause nausea vominting and hypotension

NOT USED FOR MYELOGRAPHY

Front 7

Negative Contrast media

Back 7

NONIONIC IODIDES USED FORR MYELOGRAPHY!!!

Low density, appear radiolucent.

Include air, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Caution not to overinflate organs with these gases.

Avoid air embolism and or rupture of organs

Front 8

Double Contrast Procedures

Back 8

Uses positive and negative contrast media to image an organ/system

Urinary bladder, stomach and the colon most common

Negative contrast administered first then the positive to avoid air bubbles from forming

Front 9

Esophagography

Back 9

Evaluate function of the esophagus

Ideally done with fluoroscopy to find mass, foregn body, rupture, stricture, fistula

Water soluble organic iodides used with suspected perforation or baruim sulfate if one is not suspected

Front 10

Gastrography

Back 10

Pneumogastrograms, determine posistion of the stomach

Suspect gastric masses, ulcerations, radioluscent foreign bodies, and obstructions

Front 11

Baruim Enema

Back 11

Study of the position and contour of the colon

Indications: Large bowel, diarrhea, fresh blood in feces, hematochezia, coliti

Not used if perforation suspected and anesthesia is required

Front 12

Cystogaphy

Back 12

Evaluation of the bladder.

Uses positive and negative contrast media and is indicated for hematuria, polyuria, dysuria, trauma, abnormalities

Enemas are necessary to remove fecal material and all urine is drawn out before any type of study done (negative, double or positive)

Front 13

Urethrography - What two types are there? What is used for them?

Back 13

Evaluation of the urethra. Two types

Voiding urethrography - Applying pressure to the bladder after contrast injected, take exposure when urine is seen flowing fromm urethra

Retrograde urethrography - Inject contrast into the bladder, whichdraw the urinary catheter while injecting and take exposure

Anesthesia or sedation requried and water soluble iodides are used

Front 14

Exretory urography

Back 14

CAN BE CALLED EXCRETORRY UROGRAM OR INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM (IVP)

Privided info about renal, kidney, ureters, and bladder function/structure

excrete and circulate the conrast media

Enemas required for lateral and ventraldorsal views

GIVEN IV

Patient fasted, then administered enemas 3 and 1 hours prior to procedure. Radiographs taken 10-20 sec after contrast injected, then 5, 15, and 30 min post injection

Front 15

Myelography

Back 15

DONE IN LATERAL RECUMBENCY, FLEXED POSITION, INJECT CONTRAST AND EXPOSURE TAKEN WITH NEEDLE IN PLACED.

NONIONIC IODIDES USED FOR MYELOGRAPHY!!!

Detects lesions in the spinal cord. Contrast medium injected in subarachnoid space.

Checks for Introverticular disk disease, neoplasms, malformation etc and anesthesia is required. Must be sterile

Front 16

Celiography

Back 16

Evaluation of the abdominal cavity and diaphragm

Front 17

Sialography

Back 17

Evaluation of the salivary ducts and glands

Front 18

Fistulography

Back 18

Evaluayion of the extent of fistulous tracts

Front 19

Nonselective angiocardiography

Back 19

Evaluation of cardiac abnormalities

Front 20

Rodent and small animal restraint

Back 20

Chemical

Physical: using tape, foam wedges, rolled cotton and radiolucent tube

Manual: Holding patient long enough to take exposure, lead gloves and tyroid shield

Front 21

What type of film used for rodents/small animals?

Back 21

NON-SCREEN FILM USED! Done on the table top and entire body views done

Front 22

Rodent radiography

Back 22

Sedate/anesthetized patient in v/d, lateral, and tape to cassette

Primary beam on thoracolumbar area and collimate to include the entire body.

AVOID OBLIQUE VIEWS

Use physical restraint-foam wedges, film as tube restraint, tape and stretch gauze

Front 23

Larger Guinea pig and rabbit radiography - Where is the primary beam centered and technique

Back 23

Have larger abdomens than thoracic cavity so center the primary beam over the heart for thorax and over the liver for abdominal view

Whole body view preferred for smaller guinea pigs and rabbits.

Table top technique and chemical and physical restraint necessary!!!!!!!

Front 24

Ferret radiography

Back 24

CHALLENGING!
and chemical restraint necessary

SCRUFFING THEM PUTS THEM INTO A HYPNOTIZED STATE
Whole body views on smaller ferrets, with larger ferrets, individual thoracic and abdominal views should be done.

Table top technique
Chemical

Front 25

Reptile radiography

Back 25

Physical restraint preferred and can use "chilling" method bby placing on the cold table or cassett causing lethargy and immobility

Whole body views preferred and table top technique used

Front 26

Lizard and snake radiography

Back 26

Gentle rhythmic ventral midline strokes used with other physical restraint methods.

Whole body views preferred

Lizards = R. lateral recumbency, lefft limb caudal to the right limb

Snakes = Isolate from prey

Table top technique used (measure higghtest point of girrth) and can be chilled if too mobile

Use of tape ccardboard boxes, radiolucent plexiglas tubes, cloth bags, ffoam pads, can be used

Front 27

Turtle or tortioise radiography

Back 27

Minimal restraint needed (tape, cardboard boxes, wooden blocks

Whole body views preferred - Placed in dorsal recumbency ffor disorientation, then placed in ventral recumbency and wait for the legs head and tail to extend, then expose

Front 28

Avian radiography

Back 28

Chemical restraint necessary and physical restraing should be used in conjunction withn chemical

Grasp mandibbular articulation, NOT THE NECK!!!!!!

Primary beam centered over keel (sternum), collimate the WHOLE BODY

Front 29

Avian radiography views

Back 29

For fractures be carefull . Place gloved hand behind the hock to extend and decrease obliquing

For lateral whole body views, have left wing and limb caudally to the rigght abbove the dorsal spoine. Secure wings with tape at humerus

Front 30

Dental radiography equipment

Back 30

Almost any x-ray unit can be used.

Portable - Large animals

Stationary - used in general practice

Wall mounted - Used in specialty and some general practices. NON-SCREEN INTRAORAL FILM = BETTER DETAIL. HAS NO CASSETTE OR SCREEN, BUT BETTER DETAIL

Front 31

Dental Radiography Cassettes

Back 31

Regular cassettes. Skull radiographs - decreases fine detail and causes superimposion.

Used to evaluate the dentalo arch, frractures and neoplasia

Used if the practice doesn't have dedicated dental x-ray unit

Automatic processor

Front 32

Dental radiograph film

Back 32

Intraoral film, great for evaluating individual teeth. Has a CHAIR SIDE DEVELOPER

Front 33

Automatic processing developer of dental radiographs

Back 33

Automatic developing mounts necessary to hold film for developing

This is discouraged for dental radiographs as it can get lost in the processor

Front 34

Table top/chair side developer of dental radiographs

Back 34

The darkroom for intraoral film develoer

Rapid develper and fixer solution in individual containers

Filmcan be developed in 30 seconds, ffinal radiograph in 2 minutes

Front 35

Stationary machine exposure

Back 35

FFD 36-40 inches, if machine can be lowered 12-15 inches ideal

Front 36

Wall mounted machines - exposure

Back 36

Fixed/set kVp and mAs

Front 37

Portable machine exposure

Back 37

FFD of 12-15 inches, placed on a tripod for exposure

Front 38

Positioning for dental radiographs - Extraoral

Back 38

THE MOST DIFFICULT PART OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC PROCESS

8x10 non-screen film.

Placed in the grid, bbuckey tray
Mouth opened with gag, beware of TMJ

Triangular foam wedge under mandible for oblique superimposed image

Front 39

Positioning for dental radiographs - Intraoral

Back 39

THE MOST DIFFICULT PART OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC PROCESS

Dental fiml/digital sensor.

Callenging, two techniques used

Front 40

Parallel technique positiioning

Back 40

Used only with mandibular premolars and molars, and the nasal cavity

Film pressed into the lingual area parallel to the teeth with the beam perpendicular to the film

Front 41

Bisectingg angle technique for positioning

Back 41

Used for the other areas in the mouth, that wont allow parallel techniques to be done

Primary beam positiioned perpendicular to the tooth and film paralolel to the long axis of the tooth