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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1895 Willhelm Conrad Roentgen developed the first? |
X-ray |
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1895 German DDS Otto Walkhoff developed the first? |
Dental Radiograph |
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The German DDS Otto Walkhoff developed the 1st dental radiograph with a ___ minute exposure on himself. |
25 |
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1895 Dr. Morton developed the first US dental x-rays of what? |
Skull |
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1896 Dr. C Kells developed the first US x-ray on? |
a person |
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What type of radiographs are taken inside the mouth, view teeth & supporting structures and anomalies (deviation from the average or norm) & disease? |
Intraoral |
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What type of radiographs are taken intraorally and view the apex and surrounding area around the tooth? |
periapical |
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What type of radiographs are taken intraorally and view interproximally? |
bitewings |
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what type of x-rays are taken intraorally and view the whole upper or lower arch? |
occlusal |
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Name all 3 types of intraoral x-rays? |
periapical, bitewing, occlusal |
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How many x-rays are included in an FMX? |
18 |
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what type of x-rays are the most common extraoral? |
panoramic & cephalometric |
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what type of extraoral x-ray examines upper and lower jaws on one film? Tubehead and film rotate around the patient's head. Shows 3rd molars, eruption, patterns, lesions and trauma. |
Pano |
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What type of extraoral x-ray shows bony and soft tissue areas of patient's profile. Reveals horizontal and vertical skeletal components and tilt of the front teeth, detects pathology and determines bone and teeth alignment before and after surgery? |
Cephalometric |
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what part of the dental x-ray unit houses x-ray tube that produces the x-ray? |
tubehead |
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What are other terms for tubehead? |
Position indicating device (PID) or Beam indicating device (BID) |
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What part of the dental x-ray unit suspends and allows movement of the tubehead? |
Extension Arm |
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What part of the dental x-ray unit is used to regulate x-ray beam and what 3 things does it consist of? |
Control Panel: on/off switch exposure button control devices: time, kVp, mAs |
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What are the two types of film? |
barrier & non-barrier |
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What are the 5 sources of potential infection during dental x-rays? |
1-Film holding device 2-Instruments-mouth mirror 3-Film 4-Countertops, chair, lead apron 5-X-ray unit |
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Where would you dispose outer package of film? |
garbage |
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Where would you dispose lead foil in film package? |
in specified containers for pick-up |
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Where would you dispose developer and fixer? |
in labeled containers in darkroom; use funnels for each solution |
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Developer and fixer solutions are considered ________ waste and they are picked up by a company called ________ . |
hazardous ; stericycle
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In a dark room light leaks will cause film ____ . |
fog |
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Film is not stored near processing solutions because ____ may cause fogging. |
fumes |
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What is the correct temperature to store film? |
70 degrees |
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Greater than ___ degrees will cause film fogging |
90 |
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Any illumination that does not affect the x-ray film is called ? |
safe light |
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What intensity are safe lights? |
low |
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what is the watt range for a safe light? |
71/2 to 15 |
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safe lights consist of what type of wave length? |
long |
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Safe lights filter out what type of wave length? |
short blue-green of light spectrum |
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Safe lights allow what type of wave lengths to pass through? |
red-orange, long wavelengths |
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the x-ray film is not affected within what period of time? |
less than 2 minutes |
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X-ray beam quality is measured by? |
kV |
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X-ray quantity is measured by? |
mA |
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X-ray intensity is measured by ? |
kVp & mA |
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Which type of wavelengths are more damaging to tissues? short or long? |
Longer wavelengths |
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The penetrating ability of x-ray beam is called the _____ and is measured by _____ . |
quality ; kV |
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shorter wavelengths = increased ________ . |
penetration |
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Longer wavelengths are _______ by matter before they reach the receptor. |
absorbed |
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1 kV = _______ volts |
1000 |
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Dental Radiography usually consists of ___ to _____ kVp. |
65 - 100 |
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An increase in kV does what to the wavelength? |
decreases it |
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An increase in kVp does what to the density? |
increases it |
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A decrease in kVp? |
decreases it |
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If an increase in kVp increases the density, what happens to the appearance of the film? |
appears dark |
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If a decrease of the kVp decreases the density, what happens to the appearance of film? |
appears light |
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What is the term that describes the overall darkness or blackness of the film? |
Density |
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What other 3 factors can influence density? |
-Quantity-Milliamperes (mA) -Exposure time (impulses) -Subject thickness (pt. size) |
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What term describes the difference in the degree of blackness on film between adjacent areas? Also described as "shades of gray" |
contrast |
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The contrast is determined by what 5 things: |
1-thickness of object 2-density of object 3-chemical composition of object 4-quality of x-ray beam-kVp 5-scatter radiation |
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For short scale of contrast, low kVp = _______ contrast (more black and white, less shades of gray-70's; great for detecting caries) |
high |
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For long scale of contrast, high kVp = ____ contrast (many shades of gray-80's; great for detection of perio & periapical disease) |
low |
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The time on the x-ray unit controls the ________ time, which is the interval of time that the x-rays are produced. |
exposure |
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X-ray time is measured as _______ (series of bursts or pulses instead of a steady stream) |
impulses |
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X-ray Time is 1 impulse for every _____ second |
1/60 |
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X-ray time produces how many impulses per second? |
60 |
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Increased time produces more? |
density |
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Decreased time produces less? |
density |
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When kVp is increased, time _______ . |
decreased |
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Quantity, or number of x-rays produced, is controlled by? |
mA- miliampere |
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What term describes the amount of electron current flowing through the circuit? |
Amperage |
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7-15mA are required on x-rays units. At our school they are set at __ mA. |
7 |
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An increase in mA requires ____ exposure time |
less |
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As mA is decreased, ________ is decreased . |
density |
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As mA is increased, density is ________ . |
increased
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What does kVp represent on an x-ray? |
Quality (remember k & l are next to each other in alphabet) |
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What does mA represent on an x-ray? |
Quantity (m & n are next to each other in alphabet) |
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The aluminum filtration (in tubehead) eliminates long wave lengths standard set by federal government, this term is called: |
Half Value Layer (HVL) |
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The standard HVL set for aluminum machines under 69kVp is? |
1.5mm |
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The standard HVL for aluminum machines 70kVp or above is? |
2.5mm |
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What is kVp? What does it do? |
Quality - penetrating ability |
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What is mA? What does it do? |
Quantity-the number of x-rays |
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As _____ ______ ______ increases, the intensity of the beam decreases because the divergence of the beam produces a larger field size. |
focal film distance |
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what term describes the distance from the x-ray in the patient's mouth to the x-ray cone? |
focal film distance |
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What is the name of the term that describes this theory when an object of the same size, twice as far away receives only 1/4 of the energy (If the FFD doubles, the exposure time quadruples)? |
Inverse Square Law |
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The inverse square law claims that when the distance is increased, the intensity of the beam is _______ . |
decreased |
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The inverse square law says that when the distance is ______ , intensity is decreased by four so you increase your exposure time. |
doubled |
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The inverse square law says that when the distance is halved, intensity is increased by four so you will need to ______ your exposure time. |
decrease |
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What is the formula for the Inverse Square Law? |
Original Intensity/New Distance2 = New Intensity/Original Distance2 |
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What term describes dark or black image characteristics, structure is less dense, more x-rays pass through? |
Radiolucent |
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Radiolucent examples on an x-ray include: |
-caries -pulp -changes to alveola (bone) -periapical lesions |
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What term describes light or white image characteristics, more dense, less x-rays penetrate? |
Radiopaque |
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Radiopaque examples on an x-ray include: |
-enamel restorations (amalgam) -bone |
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What absorbs the radiation during exposure and stores the energy from the radiation? It's size determines film speed. |
Silver Halide Crystals |
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Larger silver halide crystals = faster film = ______ exposure. |
less |
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What term describes a pattern formed by the interaction of x-rays or light with the silver halide crystals in the emulsion (also described as invisible stored image on film)? |
Latent Image |
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During exposure, silver halide crystals absorb varying amounts of radiation depending on _______ of object. |
density |
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What type of image does the film hold stored energy until processed? |
latent image |
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What term describes a series of steps that collectively produce a visible, permanent image on a dental radiograph? |
film processing |
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What two things happen to the image during film processing? |
1-invisible (latent) image is converted into a visible image 2-preserve the image-"permanent record" |
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during processing optimum amount of precipitation is controlled by what two things? |
time & temperature |
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Developing continues until the film is removed from the solution. Too long in developer will result in over-________ . |
darkening |
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What are the 5 basic steps in film processing: |
1-develop 2-rinse (manual) 3-fix 4-wash 5-dry |
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Which solution is the most important, time/temp specific, distinguishes between exposed and unexposed (partially exposed) silver halide crystals and softens the film emulsion? |
developer |
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the developer converts exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver grains - _________ and ______ . |
hydroquinone ; elon
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what component of developing solution helps prevent developer from being oxidized by the air?
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preservative |
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what component of developer provides alkaline solution needed by developer; softens gelatin, allowing developer to reach crystals? |
activator |
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what component of developer slows down rate of development of unexposed crystals? |
restrainer |
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What component of fixer dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide crystals from emulsion? |
clearing agent |
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what component of fixer acts as a neutralizer and stops unexposed crystals from further development? |
acidifier |
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what component of fixer inhibits decomposition (oxidation) of clearing agent? |
preservative |
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what component of fixer hardens emulsions so film can be handled, hardens and shrinks the gelatin in the film emulsion - consists of sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate? |
hardener |
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name the 4 components of fixing solution: |
1-clearing agent 2-acidifier 3-preservative 4-hardener |
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name the 4 components of developing solution: |
1-developer 2-preservative 3-activator 4-restrainer |
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Which type of processing requires: -optimum time/temp -developer 5 min at 68 degrees -rinse 30 seconds -fixer 10 mins -rinse 20 mins -dry throughly -chemicals are more concentrated |
Manual Processing |
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Which type of processing requires: -to work at higher temps -developer 1.5 minutes at 80 degrees -fixer 1.5 minutes -rinse -dry |
Automatic Processing |
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If a film comes out underdeveloped it will appear _____ . |
light |
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If a film comes out over developed it will appear _____ . |
dark |
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If: -solutions too warm -too much time in developer -developer concentration too high -light leaks;incorrect filters the film will turn out? |
Dark |
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If: -solutions too cool -short development time -under replenishment -contaminated developer -excessive fixation the film will turn out? |
Light |
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what are the correct film sizes for bitewings? |
Adult - 2 child- 0 child (mixed dentition) - 1 or 2 |
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What is the bitewing procedure? |
-pts. head position - occlusal plane parallel with floor -vertical angulation +10 -horizontal angulation - premolar or molar (set before film placement) -Film placement - proper position in mouth-dot facing upwards |
