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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three views used to take pelvis rads
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lateral
VD extended projection |
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What criteria must be met to obtain correct positioning for an OFa view?
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pelvis, femur and stifles must be included in view
pelvic extended view |
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WHat does OFA stand for and what do they do?
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Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
diagnoses hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs |
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Who invented the Penn Hip method of evaluating hips?
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Dr. Gail Smith
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Howe do you position for lateral and DPI , PID views of the metatarsus and tarsus?
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lateral- PLace din lat recumbancy, affected limb on cassette, other limbs pulled back
Dorsoplantar - sternal, affected limb pulled forward and slightly abducted |
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Four views tha t can be taken to radiograph stifle joints
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lateral
skyline projection of patella caudocranial craniocaudal |
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What neds to be included in a rad of a stifle joint?
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patella and femoral condyles
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Which view is used to evaluate hips?
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ventrodorsal
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Why is it important to rotate the stifles medially when taking pelvis rads?
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patella are between femoral condyles
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In what three cases does positioning for hip rads not have to be perfect?
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pelvic abnormalities
dogs with saccoiliac or femoral head luxation marked degnerative changes of the hips |
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Which view is preferred if evaluating the heart?
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DV thorax
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Wich view is preferred when visualizing the lung fields?
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VD
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Which lateral view is needed for a more acuurate view of the heart?
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right lateral
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WHich part of the respiratory phase are the thorax views taken on? Abdomen?
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Thorax - inspiration
abdominal - expiration |
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What should be included in abdominal films?
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liver, stomach, spleen, large and small intestines
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What ar four indications to perform a pneumosystogram?
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hematuria
polyuria dysuria calculi |
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What type of contrast media would you use to perform a pneumocystogram? Dosage?
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air - 3-5 ml/lb or 10ml/kg
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Two ways to help free animal from ingesta?
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enema
fasting 12-24 hours |
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How do you perform a pneumocystogram?
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1. Expose survey rads
2. Cleanse adjacent strutures to urethral orifice 3. insert lubed catherter into trigones of bladder 4. aspirate urine 5. infuse lidocaine 6. infuse contrast matter and palapte 7. expose lateral/VD views |
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A brium series is also know as
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Upper GI series
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Indications for a barium series?
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Vomitting
Small bowel diarrhea melena obstruction |
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What type and dosage of contrast media is used to perform GI series?
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iodinated oral contrast - 1ml/lb
30-60% liquid barium sulfate - 3-5 ml/lb |
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IN what cases would you not use barium?
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perforation or rupture - use H2O soluable organic iodides instead
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Two ways of administering barium to a patient?
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Per os
orogastric tube |
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How do you perform a barium series?
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DV, VD, right and left lateral views immediately after contrast is given; right lat, VD and DV views 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after contrast
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Another name for IV Urigram?
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intravenous pyelogram
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What info will a IV urogram give you?
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renal function
structure of kidneys and ureters |
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What structures does a IV urogram contrast?
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kidneys
ureters bladder |
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Indications to perform IV Urogram?
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shape, size, location and margination of kidneys; crude estimate of renal function
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what type of contrast media do you use to perform an IV Urogram and dosage?
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H2O soluble organic iodid 1ml/lb
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Describe how to perform an IV Urogram
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1. Fast patient
2. Perform surveyt rads 3. Place IV cath in cephalic or saphenous vein 4. Place in dorsal recumbancy 5. Infuse contrast media 6. Take lat/VD views at 5, 10 and 15 minutes |
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Contrast media must be approved by whom?
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US Food and Drug Admin
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Name three categories of contrast medium
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Negative - gases
Positive - contrast barium sulfate preps Positive-contrast iodinated preps |
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What do positive and negative contrast look like on rads?
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positive - absorbs more xrays - whiter
negative - more black in rads |
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Examples of positive and negative contrast materials
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positive - barium, iodide compounds with high atmoic #'s
negative - O2, carbon dioxide |
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Why is bariu the media of choice when highlighting the GI tract?
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It is not easily diluted or absorbed in alimentary tract
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When are oily contrasts used
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lymphography
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Why isn't oily cntrasts used in meylograohy?
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oils coagulate in spinal column and do not adhere to lesions
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How do you remove barium wihtin a body cavity?
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Surgial flushing 6-8 hours after test
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Name five gases that er used for contrast studies
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air
O2 Carbon dioxide - preferred nitrogen nitrous oxide |
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ONe anesthetic you can use while doing GI series
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acepromazine maleate
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What is the contrast of choice when doing an esophagography?
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liquid barium
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How is contrast given in lower GI series?
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catheter in rectum, colon and cecum
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Two things that lowe GI will detect
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intussuception
rectal mass |
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Urinary contrast studie wills evaluate what structures?
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kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra
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What clinical signs would you see to sustantiate a urinary tract study
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hematuria
proteinuria crystalluria polyuria dysuria |
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Two ways to fill the urethra
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retrograde - positive or negative contrast
antigrade - ONLY positive contrast |
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Arthrography
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evaluates the articular cartilage using pos. and negative (iodide and air) contrast
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Angiography
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iodide positive contrast media injected into vascular system to see occlusion and lesions of blood vessels
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Angiocardiography
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contrast is inhected into blood vessels proximal to region of interest (chambers of the heart)
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Cholecystography
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oral or IV radiogrpahic contrast study used to study the functioning of the bile ducts and gallbladder
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Fistulography
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positve or negative contrast media to study depth and origin of fistula tract
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Myleography
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positive contrast media iused to evaluate the subarachnoid space surrounding spinal cord
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Pneumoperitoneography
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a negative contrast study consisting of the intro of a gas into the peritoneal cavity
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Sialography
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used of positive contrast to study the salivary ducts and glands
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Vaginography
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use of positive contrast to study cervix and vaginal vault and reproductive tracts
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What are two essentials when taking spinal rads?
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vertebral column must be as parallel to tabletop as possible
Disk spcaes must be as perpindicular as possible to the tabletop and in parallel alignment with the central axis of the primary beam |
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Three lateral views of the cervical spine
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extended
flexed lateral hyperextended |
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Best type of film to use in dental rads
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non-screen
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Where is the beam centered for the whole skull photographs?
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lateral canthus of eye
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What clinical signs would you see to sustantiate a urinary tract study
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hematuria
proteinuria crystalluria polyuria dysuria |
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Two ways to fill the urethra
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retrograde - positive or negative contrast
antigrade - ONLY positive contrast |
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Arthrography
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evaluates the articular cartilage using pos. and negative (iodide and air) contrast
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What clinical signs would you see to sustantiate a urinary tract study
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hematuria
proteinuria crystalluria polyuria dysuria |
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Angiography
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iodide positive contrast media injected into vascular system to see occlusion and lesions of blood vessels
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Two ways to fill the urethra
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retrograde - positive or negative contrast
antigrade - ONLY positive contrast |
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Angiocardiography
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contrast is inhected into blood vessels proximal to region of interest (chambers of the heart)
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Arthrography
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evaluates the articular cartilage using pos. and negative (iodide and air) contrast
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Cholecystography
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oral or IV radiogrpahic contrast study used to study the functioning of the bile ducts and gallbladder
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Angiography
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iodide positive contrast media injected into vascular system to see occlusion and lesions of blood vessels
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Fistulography
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positve or negative contrast media to study depth and origin of fistula tract
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Angiocardiography
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contrast is inhected into blood vessels proximal to region of interest (chambers of the heart)
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Myleography
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positive contrast media iused to evaluate the subarachnoid space surrounding spinal cord
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Cholecystography
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oral or IV radiogrpahic contrast study used to study the functioning of the bile ducts and gallbladder
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Pneumoperitoneography
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a negative contrast study consisting of the intro of a gas into the peritoneal cavity
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Fistulography
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positve or negative contrast media to study depth and origin of fistula tract
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Sialography
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used of positive contrast to study the salivary ducts and glands
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Myleography
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positive contrast media iused to evaluate the subarachnoid space surrounding spinal cord
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Vaginography
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use of positive contrast to study cervix and vaginal vault and reproductive tracts
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Pneumoperitoneography
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a negative contrast study consisting of the intro of a gas into the peritoneal cavity
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What are two essentials when taking spinal rads?
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vertebral column must be as parallel to tabletop as possible
Disk spcaes must be as perpindicular as possible to the tabletop and in parallel alignment with the central axis of the primary beam |
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Three lateral views of the cervical spine
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extended
flexed lateral hyperextended |
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Sialography
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used of positive contrast to study the salivary ducts and glands
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Best type of film to use in dental rads
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non-screen
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Vaginography
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use of positive contrast to study cervix and vaginal vault and reproductive tracts
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What are two essentials when taking spinal rads?
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vertebral column must be as parallel to tabletop as possible
Disc spaces must be as perpindicular as possible to the tabletop and in parallel alignment with the central axis of the primary beam |
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Where is the beam centered for the whole skull photographs?
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lateral canthus of eye
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Three lateral views of the cervical spine
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extended
flexed lateral hyperextended |
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Best type of film to use in dental rads
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non-screen
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Where is the beam centered for the whole skull photographs?
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lateral canthus of eye
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