Radiology I - Film Processing

Front 1

Three qualities of a dark room

Back 1

clean
organized
light proof

Front 2

Seven qualities of a dark room

Back 2

-seperate from radiographic suite
-no less than 6-8 feet in diameter
-used for one purpose
-layout should reduce probability of film damage
-equipment located quickly and easily
-good climate control
-good ventilation

Front 3

Two sides of darkrooms

Back 3

dry
wet

Front 4

What happens on dry side?

Back 4

cassettes are loaded and reloaded
must be impossible for any chems to splash on dry side
nothing wet should ever be on dry side
film storage in a cabinet or film bin
countertops large enough for the biggest cassettes

Front 5

What happens on the wet side?

Back 5

-actual chemical processing occurs
-developer, wash and fixer tanks
-tanks should be free-standing
-water tank should circulating water

Front 6

Film hangers

Back 6

channel
clip
-used for drying during hand developing
-hangers come for each size film

Front 7

Channel hangers

Back 7

-retain water and chems
-need special cleaning to prevent contamination on dry side
-film has to be
removed in order to dry

Front 8

Clip hangers

Back 8

they are more fragile than channel hangers
clips become weak over a period of time and lose their ability to stretch
can leave punctures in film
can scratch other film in storage
cause injuries to staff

Front 9

Chemical processing solutions

Back 9

developer
wash
fixer

Front 10

Tank construction

Back 10

-3-5 gallons
-warmed by immersed heater
-thermastatically controlled water in one tank
-radiographic film has to be developed for a speicific amt of time based on the temp of chems

Front 11

Wet side drying area should have a ______ for drying

Back 11

rack - or a drying cabinet in dust free area
forced heat air to help drying

Front 12

Viewing screen on wet side

Back 12

if second radiograph is needed the error of first can be identified and corrected

Front 13

Lightproofing

Back 13

go into darkroom and wait for eyes to adpt - check for leaks around doors, light fixtures, walls

Front 14

Lightproof doors

Back 14

-dbl door or revolving door system is preferred
standard door needs to fit into it's door frame against strip of felt or rubber molding
-weatherstripping
vapor-seal
sliding lock or door knob lock

Front 15

Place _______ on ceilings to prevent light leaks

Back 15

large black sheet of plastic

Front 16

The walls of adarkroom should have ______ colored walls bc_______

Back 16

white walls - the lighter color will allow for reflection of the safelight

Front 17

Safelights

Back 17

light produced will not affect the film

Front 18

safelight filter

Back 18

-varies with manufacturere
-brown-blue senstive film
-drk red - green sensitive film
light bulb - 15 watts or less
drk red is usually recommended - both blue and green film can be used with drk red filter

Front 19

Direct safelighting

Back 19

diffused light that shines directly over the work area

Front 20

Indirect safelighting

Back 20

filtered light directed towards the ceiling and reflected over the entire room
used with direct lighting

Front 21

Mounting of safelight

Back 21

-no closer than 4 ft from work area

Front 22

Three things that cause film fogging

Back 22

-safelight mounted too close
-too high of wattage for bulb
-incorrect filtration

Front 23

Efficiency of safelights need to be tested

Back 23

-no light is actually safe for a long period of time
-film bin should only be opened when removing or replacing film
-fogging will result even if just safelight is on and bin is left open

Front 24

Five steps to film processing

Back 24

1. Developing
2. rinsing (stop bath)
3. fixing
4. washing
5. drying

Front 25

Chemicals can be purchased as either_____ or ______

Back 25

powders or liquids

Front 26

Proper chemical temps

Back 26

too low-sluggish-undeveloped rads
too high-chem activity becomes too high for manual control

Front 27

All chems should be kept at the same temp to avoid_______

Back 27

reticulation, which is mottling density on a finished radiograph caused by irregular expansion and contraction of the film emulsion

Front 28

Quality assurance programs allows___________

Back 28

reproducibility and gives radiogrpahers confidence in the exposures used on each radiograph

Front 29

Developer

Back 29

-converts the latent image on a film to a visible image
-converts silver srystals to black metallic silver
-time developing is specified by manufacturer and is preferred over visual inspection

Front 30

Manual inspection "sight inspection"

Back 30

increasing or decreasing time according to visual appearance of rads

Front 31

Disadvantages of sight inspection

Back 31

requires skill and attention
-many errors can occur
-should be avoided whnever possible

Front 32

Developer consists of 5 things

Back 32

developing agents
accelerators
preservatives
restrainers
hardeners
solvent

Front 33

Developing agents

Back 33

hydroquinone and phenidone
converts silver halide crystals to black metallic
-has little or no effect on unexposed silver halide crystals

Front 34

Accelerators

Back 34

increase the activity of the developer
increases pH
causes emulsion to swell and soften

Front 35

Preservatives

Back 35

-prevents rapid oxidation that can occur with alkaline developing agents
-helps maintain stable development rates
-prevents staining of the emulsion layer

Front 36

restrainers

Back 36

limits the action of the developing agent to the exposed silver bromide crystals in the film

Front 37

hardeners

Back 37

harden film during processing
prevents excessive swelling of emulsion
added to developers on automatic processors

Front 38

solvent

Back 38

water

Front 39

Three purposes of rinse bath

Back 39

1. stop developing process
2. rinse developer from film
3. prevents carry over contamination from fixer

Front 40

Rinse bath

Back 40

-consists of circulating water
-film rinsed for 30 seconds
-acetic acid and water(stop bath)
-rinse bath is not needed in automatic processing bc the rollers will remove the excess developer

Front 41

Fixer

Back 41

1. Clears the unexposed silver halide crystals from the film
2. Hardens the gelatin coating so that it can be dried without damaging the film surface

Front 42

Film should be in the fixer for _______________

Back 42

10 minutes

Front 43

Fixer consists of 6 things:

Back 43

1. clearing (fixing) agents
2. preservatives
3. hardeners
4. acidifiers
5. buffers
6. solvent

Front 44

Clearing or fixing agents

Back 44

-dissolves or removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
-most common agents sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate
-changes appearance from milky white to clear

Front 45

Preservatives

Back 45

prevent decomposing of the fixing agent