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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All ionizing radiation is harmful and produces biological change in living tissues (T/F) |
True |
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The two main mechanisms of radiation injury are ionization and free radical formation. Free radical formation is an example of the indirect theory of injury. A) both true B) both false C) statement 1 true, 2 false D) statement 2 true, 1 false |
Both statements are true |
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The following is (are) true about free radical formation: A) it is responsible for most of the damage to living tissue during radiation exposure B) to achieve stability, free radicals may combine with molecules and produce toxins C) hydrogen peroxide H2O2 is a toxin produced that causes damage to tissues D) all of the above E) none of the above |
All of the above |
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In the sequence of radiation injury, the period between exposure to ionizing radiation and observable signs is known as; A) the period of injury B) recovery period C) latent period D) none of the above |
C) latent period |
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The amount of energy absorbed by a tissue, measured in RADs refer to: A) dose measurement B) exposure measurement C) dose equivalent (in man) measurement |
A) dose measurement |
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Which of the following is NOT considered a critical organ in dentistry? A) skin B) thyroid gland C) brain D) none marrow |
C) brain |
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Which units are traditional units of radiation measurement? A) roentgen, gray, roentgen equivalent in man B) roentgen, radiation absorbed dose, roentgen equivalent in man C) coulombs/kilogram, gray, sievert D) roentgen, gray, radiation absorbed dose |
B) roentgen, radiation absorbed dose, roentgen equivalent in man |
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The units that measures the amount of ionization by radiation that occurs in air is the: A) roentgen B) gray C) coloumbs/ kilogram D)both a and b E) both a and c |
E) both A and C |
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The risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer is: A) approximately three in a million B) more likely to occur than from spontaneous cancer formation C) approximately the same as the risk of death from riding a bicycle 10 miles D) all of the above E) A and C only |
E) a and c only |
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The first important step in limiting the amount of xradiation exposure is correctly prescribing dental radiographs: (T/F) |
True |
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All of the following are true about pregnancy and x-radiation exposure except: A) the FDA recommendations do not have to be altered B) in a FMS with lead apron, the uterus receives .1REM to the uterus C) background radiation in 9 months accounts for 225mREM to the uterus D) you should avoid exposure unless needed (weigh risk to benefit)which |
B) in a FMS with lead apron, the uterus receives .1REM to the uterus |
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Which is the following is NOT used to focus the xray bean and reduce scatter? A) lead collimators B) PIDS C) aluminum disks D) none of the above |
C) aluminum disks |
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Which is the following is an example of a radio sensitive cell? A) muscle cells B) nerve cells C) mature bone cells D) bone marrow cells |
D) bone marrow cells |
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When taking radiographs, for patient protection during exposure: A) always use a lead apron and thyroid collar for intraoral films B) protect reproductive and blood forming tissues from scatter formation C) don't use a thyroid collar for panoramic films D) all of the above |
D) all of the above |
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The single most effective method for reducing a patients exposure to xradiation during exposure is: A) longer PID B) utilizing a lead apron C) using a fast film D) proper prescription of radiographs |
C) using a fast film |
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All of the following are true about background radiation EXCEPT: A) it is naturally occurring radiation we are exposed to daily B) two main types are cosmic and terrestrial C) medical and dental radiation are the main source of background radiation D) none of the above |
C) medical and dental radiation are the main sources of background radiation |
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All of the following are operator protection guidelines except; A) never hold the tube head during x-Ray exposure B) stand at least 4 feet away from the tube head C) stand at a position perpendicular to the primary beam (90-135 degree angle) D) when the adequate distance from the tube head is not possible, a protective barrier should be used |
B) stand at least 4 feet away from the tube head |
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Any radiation with the exception of the primary bean that is emitted from the tube head is: A) background radiation B) Compton scatter radiation C) leakage radiation D) photoelectric radiation |
C) leakage radiation |
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The consumer patient radiation health and safety act: A) was enacted in 1981 B) Addressed the certification of persons using radio graphic equipment C) was set by the federal gov D) all of the aboce |
D) all of the above |
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The maximum accumulated dose (MAD) A)is determined by the workers age B) addresses an accumulated (lifetime) dose C) is .1rems for non-occupation ally exposed persons D) both A and B |
D) both A and B |
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Using E speed film rather than D speed film reduces the exposure time by at least 1/2 (T/F) |
True |
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The film badge for personnel monitoring: A) should be worn over the heart B) should never be removed C) may be shared with personnel exposed to similar threat of radiation leakage D) should never be worn while the radiographer is undergoing xray exposure of their own |
D) should never be worn while the radiographer is undergoing xray exposure of their own |
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The purpose of the aluminum disks in the xray tube head is A) to filter out the long wavelength X-rays B) to focus the beam and reduce scatter radiation C) to slow down the xradiation and Lower the energy and/or penetrating power of the X-rays D) all of the aboce |
D) all of the above |
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True or false: in dentistry R=rad=rem |
True |
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What does ALARA stand for? |
As low as reasonable achievable |
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A thyroid shield should not be used in panoramic radiography because? |
Thyroid shield interferes with image |
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Which of the following could be a long-term effect of x-radiation: A) vomiting B) cancer C) hair loss D) hemorrhage |
B) cancer |
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Which is the best PID shape for reducing radiation exposure to the patient? A) conical B) round C) rectangular D) triangular |
C) rectangular |
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Test 2- The person who discovered x-Rays while working with cathode ray tubes was: A) WJ Morton B) WH Rollins C) Wilhelm roentgen D) f Gordon firzgerald |
C) Wilhelm roentgen |
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Of the following used of dental radiographs, which is the primary benefit to the patient? A) detection B) confirmation C) localization D) documentation of change |
A) detection |
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Which film size is also called the narrow anterior film? A) size 0 B) size 1 C) size 2 D) size 3 E) size 4 |
B) size 1 |
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The number of BWX film necessary is based on which of the following? A) curvature of the arch B) number of teeth present in posterior areas C) the size of film used D) all of the above E) a and b only |
D) all of the above |
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Which component of xray film provides a stable support for the emulsion? A) film base B) adhesive layer C) gelatin D) halide crystals |
A) film base |
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The latent image is stored by the______ in the dental xray film A) gelatin B) film base C) adhesive layer D) silver halide crystals |
D) silver halide crystals |
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Which of the following statements about duplicating film is false? A) it is not exposed to X-rays B) it may be placed intraorally or extra orally C) it is used in the darkroom D) it is used to make copies of radiographs |
B) it may be placed intraorally or extra orally |
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of film composition from external to internal? |
A) protective layer, film emulsion, adhesive layer, film base |
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The tube side of the dental film packet: A) has the flap used to open the dental film B) is solid white C) should face the patients tongue D) is color coded |
B) is solid white |
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(test 1) The type of filtration produced when the xray beam passes through the glass window ( in the tube) insulating oil and tube head seal is known as: A) added filtration B) inherent filtration C) total filtration D) all of the above |
B) inherent filtration |
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The purpose of _____ is to chemically reduce the exposed, energized silver halide crystals into black metallic silver A) developer B) fixer C) rinsing D) washing |
A) developer |
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Where is the best place a box of opened extraoral films be stored? A) in a well ventilated area B) outside the darkroom C) in the darkroom D) none of the above |
C) in the darkroom |
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What is the function of gelatin in the film emulsion? A) suspends silver halide crystals on the film base B) helps absorb the fixing solution C) absorbs radiation, allowing it to come into contact with the silver halide crystals D) provides the stable support for the film |
A) suspends silver halide crystals on the film base |
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Which of the following components is the same in both the developer and the fixer? A) acidified B) hardening agent C) accelerator D( preservative |
D) preservative |
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Which of the following film packet layers protects the film from back scatter radiation? A) paper film wrapper B) lead foil wrapper C) outer package wrapper D) none of the above |
B) lead foil sheet |
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The aggregates of ____ that make up the latent image center in the crystal. A) film emulsion B) bromine atoms C) neutral silver atoms D) gelatin |
C) neutral silver atoms |
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Which is the following conditions contribute to faster film speed A) double sided emulsion B) the presence of radiosensitive dyes C) larger silver halide crystals D) all of the above |
D) all of the above |
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The film emulsion is hardened during: A) development B) fixation C) drying D) washing |
B) fixation |
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Reticulation of the film is most commonly caused by: A) static electricity B) extreme temperature changes C) insufficient fixing time D) air bubbles |
B) extreme temperature changes |
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The central Ray of the beam should be directed perpendicular to the curve to the arch and through the contacts to help avoid: A) cone cuts B) elongation C) overlap D) foreshortening |
C) overlap |
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(test 1) Which of the following exposure factors will increase patient exposure to x-radiation? A) e-speed film rather than d-speed film B) long-cone technique rather than short come technique C) circular collimation rather than rectangular collimation D) shorter exposure time |
C) circular collimation rather than rectangular collimation |
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#1 foreshortening is caused by excessive vertical angulation; #2 elongation is caused by excessive vertical angulation A) both statements are true B) both statements are false C) statement 1 is true, 2 is false D) 1 is false, 2 is true |
C) statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false |
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During processing, unexposed silver halide crystals are removed from the film emulsion by which of the following? A) elon B) hydroquinone C) potassium bromide D) sodium carbonate |
C) sodium thiosulfate |
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(test 1) Which of the following is true of the dose-response curve for radiation injury? A) a threshold dose level for damage does NOT exist B) the response of the tissues is proportional to the dose C) it has a linear, threshold relationship D) all of the above E) a and b only |
E) A and B only |
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(test 1) Which of the following is not a factor for determining radiation injury? A) dose rate B) cell sensitivity C) total dose D) occupational exposure E) age |
D) occupational exposure |
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(test 1) #1 short term effects of xradiaton are associated with high doses over a short period of time. #2 long term effects of radiation with small doses repeated over a long period of time. A) both are true B) both are false C) 1 is true, 2 is false D) 2 is true, 1 is false |
A) both are true |
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(test 1) Xradiaton injury to reproductive genetic cells: A) is not seen in the person irradiation B) can be repaired C) is rarely passed on to the offspring D) all of the above |
A) is not seen in the person irradiated |
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(test 1) Radiation therapy is often successful at destroying cancer cells, this is due to the fact that cancer cells: A) are immature (undifferentiated) cells B) undergo mitotic activity at a rapid pace C) have a fast cell metabolism D) all of the aboce |
D) all of the above |
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Which of the following solutions is responsible for softening the emulsion during processing? A) acetic acid B) sodium carbonate C) sodium thiosulfate D) sodium sulfate |
B) sodium carbonate |
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An unexposed radiograph will appear: A) completely clear B) completely dark C) partially dark (fogged) D) none of the aboce |
A) completely clear |
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With ______, images appear stretched and distorted A) film creasing B) film bending C) tube head movement D) patient movement |
B) film bending |
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The fixing agent is commonly called? A) clearing agent B) gelatin agent C) neutralizing agent D) preservative |
A) clearing agent |
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It is necessary to maintain an adequate distance of 4ft or more and not exceed 2-3 mins under safelight illumination when unwrapping xray film for developing (T/F) |
True |
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Which is the following is the largest intra oral film A) size 4 B) size 3 C) size 2 D) size 1 |
A) size 4 |
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The first step in manual film processing is A) development B) rinsing C) fixation D) washing E) drying |
A) development |
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An interproximal examination is______ A) called a bite wing xray B) used to examine in between teeth and crestal bone C) A and B D) none of the aboce |
C) A and B |
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A periapical examination is used examine the_____ A) interproximal areas B) apex of the tooth only C) the entire tooth D) the crown of the tooth |
C) the entire tooth |
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Test 3- #1 the quality of the xray beam refers to the energy or penetrating power f the xray beam #2 the quality of the xray beam is controlled by the kVp A) both true B) both false C) 1 true, 2 false D) 1 false, 2 true |
A) both statements are true |
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Which of the following are true concerning contrast? A) short scale (high contrast) results from a low kVp setting B) long scale ( low contrast) can be described as having low contrast C) long scale contrast exhibits many densities or shades of gray D) all of the above E) B and C only |
D) all of the above |
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The penumbra or fuzziness surrounding a radiographs image is used to distinguish which geometric characteristic? A) distortion B) magnification C) sharpness D) all of the above |
C) sharpness |
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All of the following are true concerning the focal spot size except: A) it is found in the tungsten target of the anode B) it is set by the manufacturer (can't be changed) C) the larger the focal spot area, the shaper the image appears D) none of the above (all of them are true) |
C) the larger the focal spot area, the sharper the image appears |
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The target to surface distance: A) is the same thing as the object-to-film distance B) is determined by the length of the PID C) determines the amount of distortion you will get D) all of the aboce |
B) is determined by the length of the PID |
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True or false: the xray beam should be directed perpendicular to the tooth and film |
True |
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The tooth structure that appears the most radiolucent on the radiograph is the A) enamel B) dentin C) cementum D) pulp |
D) pulp |
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When radiographs are minted manually, which of the following accurately describes FHE labial mount method? A)The embossed dot is up/convex, and the viewers orientation is facing the patient B) the embossed for is down/ concave and the viewers orientation is facing the patient C) the embossed dot is up/convex and the viewers orientation is from inside the patients mouth D) the embossed dot is down/ concave and the viewers Orientation is from inside the patients mouth |
A) the embossed dot is up/convex, and the viewers orientation is facing the patient |
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A high energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam elections with a metal target in an extant tube is called? A) radiography B) wavelength C)radiograph D) x radiation |
D) x radiation |
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The overall blackness of an image is termed A) contrast B) density C) overexposure D) polychromatic |
B) density |
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A decreased focal spot size= increased sharpness (T/F) |
True |
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(Q2 test 3) The shades of gray on an xray image is called: A) opacity B) density C) contrast D) sharpness |
C) contrast |
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A radiograph that has high contrast is produced with A) high kilovoltage B) low kilovoltage C) high milliamperage D) low milliamperage |
B) low kilovoltage |
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The overall portion of a processed radiograph that appears light or white is termed A) radiolucent B) radiopaque C) dense D) high density |
B) radiopaque |
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A dental patient has thick soft tissues and dense bones. To compensate for this increase in subject thickness and to provide an image of diagnostic density, the dental radiographer may: A) increase the exposure time B) increase the milliamperage C) increase the operating kilovoltage peak D) any of the sbocd |
D) any of the above |
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Inverse square law: the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation. Which statement is true? |
A) PID length is changed from 16 to 8 inches the result of the xray beam is 1/4 as intense |
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(Q 3 test 3) Fill in the blanks: _______ refers to the number of xrays produced and is controlled by the _______ |
Quantity: mA |
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To keep the film density constant: if mA is increased, then the exposure time is decreased; if mA is decrease, then exposure time is increased T/F |
True |
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What is the main function of changing the mA on the dental xray control panel A) wavelengths B) speed of electron travel C) penetrating ability of the xray beam D) quantity of xrays E) all of the above |
D) quantity of xrays |
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When density of the tissues is being considered, a very low density area (tissue) will: A) stop the xray completely and appear white in the radiograph B) partially block the xray and appear gray C) allow the xray to pass through and appear black on the film D) none of the above |
C) allow the xrays to pass through and appear black on the film |
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When increasing the kVp on the control panel, which of the following is likely to occur? A) a low contrast image B) a radiograph with high density C) a film that is better for caries detection D) all of the above E) A and B only |
E) A and B only |
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The measurement of force used to provide the penetrating ability of the xrays is the A) amperage B) voltage C) velocity D) frequency |
B) voltage |
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A higher kilovolt age produces xrays with: A) greater energy levels B) shorter wavelengths C) more penetrating ability D) all of the above |
D) all of the above |
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Magnification can be caused by which of the following factors? A) a long PID B) a short object film distance C) a short target film distance D) all of the above |
C) a short target film distance |
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The distances to insider when exposing dental radiographs are: A) target to surface B) target to object C) target receptor distance D) all of the above E) none of the above |
D) all of the above |
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The length of the PID device is changed from 16 to 8 inches. The resultant intensity Of the beam will be: A) 4x as intense B) 2x as intense C) 1/2 as intense D) 1/4 as intense |
A. 4x as intense |
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The raised bump on the xray film is used to determine right and left sides of the mouth (t/f) |
True |
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Although all members of the dental team may view films, it is the responsibility of the dental hygienist to establish a final diagnosis (t/f) |
False |
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What are the 2 methods of mounting |
Labial and lingual mount |
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Anterior periapical images can be distinguished from posterior images be caused of |
The orientation of the xray film placement |
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Test 4- The kind of ionizing radiation that occurs in the dental tube is called ________; the kind that leaves the X-ray tube and penetrates the patient is called_______ A) particulate; electromagnetic B) electromagnetic; particulate C) particulate; particulate D) electromagnetic; electromagnetic |
A) particulate; electromagnetic |
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What is the main function of changing the mA on a dental xray machine? A) wavelengths B) speed of electron travel C) penetrating ability of the xray beam D) quantity of xrays E) all of the above |
D) quantity of xrays |
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T or f: tungsten target in the anode of dental X-ray tube is radioactive? |
False |
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Which of the following best describes the anode? A) negatively charged component B) composed of the focusing cup and filament C) contains the tungsten target D) is the source of electrons |
C) contains the tungsten target |
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What percentage of kinetic energy inside the X-ray tube is actually conveyed to x radiation? A) 1% B) 10% C) 50% D)99% E) 100% |
A) 1% |
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What is the purpose of the copper stem in the dental X-ray tube? A) focus electrons into a narrow beam B) dissipate heat from tungsten target C) provide the electron source for xray production D) none of the above |
B) dissipate heat from tungsten target |
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Which interaction of xradiation with matter results in the xray giving up ALL of its energy upon collision with a tightly bound inner shell electron? A) coherent scatter B) Compton scatter C) photoelectric effect D) all of the above |
C) photoelectric effect |
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T or f : X-rays are generated when fast moving electrons collide with matter |
True |
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Which of the following is a tiny hole located on the internal surface of the mandible near the apices of the incisors? A) mental foramen B) lingual foramen C) mandibular foramen D) genial tubercles |
B) lingual foramen |
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The anterior nasal spine produces which shape radiographically? A) J B) U C) V D) invented Y |
C) V |
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Which structure of the mandible may actually be apparent on a maxillary PA A) condyle B) coronoid process C) internal oblique ridge D) hamulus |
B) coronoid process |
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(Q 2 test 4) All of the following are component parts of the dental xray tube head EXCEPT: A) insulating oil B) transformers C) PID D) kVp and mA selectors |
D) kVP and mA selector |
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Which structure is not found o the internal surface of the mandible? A) lingula B) mylohyoid ridge C) genial tubercles D) mental ridge |
D) mental ridge |
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The J or U shaped radiopaque structure that appears superior to the maxillary first molar region ( and usually only seen when using the bisecting angle technique) is the: A) maxillary tuberosity B) coronoid process of the mandible C) zygomatic process of the maxilla D) maxillary sinus |
C) zygomatic process of the maxilla |
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The space between the lamina dura and the root that appears as a thin dark radiolucent line ( in health) represents which structure? A) septum B) periodontal ligament C) dento-enamel junction D) alveolar credt |
B) PDL |
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A small ovoid/round radiolucent area in the anterior of the hard palate, directly posterior to the dental incisors is most likely the A) nasal cavity B) incisive foramen C) giant cell Tumor D) greater palatine foramen |
B) incisive foramen |
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A small ovoid/round radiolucent area by the apices of the mandibular premolars that can be confused with periapical pathology is probably: A) mandibular foramen B) lingual foramen C) nutrient canal D) mental foramen |
D) mental foramen |
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The inverted Y is formed by the intersection of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and what other structure? A) maxillary sinus B) nasal septum C) zygoma D) zygomatic process of the mandible |
A) maxillary sinus |
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If both the internal and external oblique ridge are visible on a radiograph (not superimposed) the superior line will be the: A) internal oblique ridge B) external oblique ridge C) a localization technique (SLOB or right angle) must be used to tell D) B and C |
B) external oblique ridge |
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( Q 3 test 4) The process of converting incoming current that flows in two opposite directions or _____ to _______ which flows in one direction is called___ A) AC; DC; rectification B) DC; AC; rectification C) AC; DC; transformation D) DC; AC; transformation |
A) AC; DC; rectification |
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(Q 4 test 4) Which of the following is true concerning the high voltage circuit? A) it uses 65,000-100,000 volts to operate B) it requires the use of a step up transformer to operate C) it provides the high voltage required to accelerate electrons across the X-ray tube D) all of the aboce |
D) all of the above |
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( Q 5 test 4) When an election bits the nucleus of a tungsten atom or when an electron passes very close to the nucleus, this kind of radiation occurs: A) general radiation B) bremsstrahlung radiation C) braking radiation D) All of the above |
D) all of the above |
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(Q 6 test 4) The Following are true about wavelength EXCEPT A) it is the distance between one crest of a wave and the next crest of a wave B) it determines the energy and penetrating power of electromagnetic radiation C) the longer the wavelength, the higher the energy and the greater the penetrating power D) none of the above (all are true) |
C) the longer the wavelength, the higher the energy and the greater the penetrating power |
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(Q 7 test 4) #1 primary radiation is the xray beam produced at the tungsten target that exits the tube head #2 secondary radiation is produced when the primary beam interacts with matter and scatter radiation occurs A) both true B) both false C) 1 is true, 2 is false D) 1 is false, 2 is true |
A) both are true |
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Which of the following are true about the transformers in the dental X-ray tube? A) there are 3 different kinds of transformers B) the step down transformer lowers the incoming voltage to the 3-5 volts used by the filament circuit C) the step up transformer raises the incoming voltage to the 65,000-100,000 volts used by the high voltage circuit D) all of the aboce |
D) all of the above |
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The particular electromagnetic radiation wave concept is: A) it's wavelength B) it's frequency C) it's velocity D) all of the above |
D) all of the above |
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Weightless bundles of energy, with no electrical charge, that are implicated in xradiation are called: A) protons B) neutrons C) photons D) beta particles |
C) photons |
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which of the following structures can be seen on a pano film, but not normally be seen on an intraoral radiograph? A) mental foramen |
D) Lingula |
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IF a patient has a mand tori the bitewing should be placed: a) on the tori d) wherever it will fit in the pt mouth, it doesn't matter |
c) between the tori and the tongue |
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which of the following structures is not radiolucent? b) pterygomaxillary fissue d) palatoglossal air space |
c) tongue |
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ON a pano radiograph where do the soft palate and uvula usually appear? a) superimposed over the median palatine suture c) on both sides of the film over the maxillary tuberosity region d) none of the above |
c) on both sides of the film over the maxillary tuberosity region |
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What can an interaction of an xray have with matter (the patient)? a) coherent scatter b) compton scatter c) no interaction e) all of the above |
e) all of the above |
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what is the correct sequence of x-ray production in the dental xray tube. a) exposure button is activated, electrons strike tungsten target, filament circuit is activated b) filament circuit is activated, exposure button is activated, electrons strike tungsten target c) electrons strike tungsten target, filament circuit is activated, exposure button is activated |
B) filament circuit is activated, exposure button is activated, electrons strike tungsten target |
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the central ray of the beam should be perpendicular to the curve of the arch and through the contacts to help avoid: a) cone cuts b) elongation c) overlap d) foreshortening |
C)overlap |
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The primary reasons for taking bite-wing radiographs is (are) to: a) examine the interproximal surfaces for caries b) examine the crestal bone c) examine for periapical lesions d) all of the above e) A and B only |
E) A and B only |
