Radiology Exam Ii

Front 1

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Left and Right

Back 1

L or Le

R or Rt

Front 2

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Medial and Lateral

Back 2

M

L

Front 3

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Cranial and Caudal

Back 3

Cr

Cd

Front 4

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Cranial and Caudal is in reference to anything ____ to the _______ on extremeties

Back 4

proximal to the carpus/tarsus

Front 5

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Dorsal and Ventral

Back 5

D

V

Front 6

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Palmar and Plantar

Back 6

Pa

Pl

Front 7

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Palmar and Plantar refers to anything _____ to the _________

Back 7

distal to the carpus/tarsus

Front 8

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Proximal and Distal

Back 8

Pr

Di

Front 9

Abbreviations and directional terms:

Oblique and Rostal

Back 9

O

R

Front 10

Terms used for describing the position of patient designates the _______ of the X-ray beam

Back 10

direction

Front 11

_________ or _____ states where X-ray beam enters the body

Back 11

1st letter or term

Front 12

_________ or ______ states where X-ray beam exits body

Back 12

2nd letter or term

Front 13

When you combine two terms, the combination of the _____ and the _____ ______ is used.

Ex.

Back 13

root and the combining vowel ( usually “o”)

Ex.

Dorso-ventral

Palmaro-dorsal

Cranio-caudal

Front 14

Right and left are not used in combination with other terms and should ________ any other terms.

Ex.

Back 14

precede

Ex. Right lateral

Front 15

Medial and lateral go ______ when used with other terms.

Ex.

Back 15

second

Ex. dorso-medial

Front 16

What body parts do we typically radiograph? (8)

Back 16

Skull

Dental

Thorax

Abdomen

Pelvis

Spine

Forelimb

Hindlimb

Front 17

What are the common views we take of the skull, spine, pelvis, thorax and abdomen? (4)

Back 17

V/D

D/V

R lateral

L lateral

Front 18

X-rays enter the patient on its dorsal aspect and X-rays exit the patient on its ventral side

Back 18

Dorso-Ventral (DV) radiograph

Front 19

X-rays enter the patient on its ventral aspect and X-rays exit the patient on its dorsal side

Back 19

Ventro-Dorsal (VD) radiograph

Front 20

Beam enters on the patient’s right side and exits on patients left side or visa-versa

Back 20

Lateral radiographs

Front 21

Lateral radiographs with patient laying on Left side

Back 21

Left lateral

Front 22

Lateral radiographs with patient laying on Right side

Back 22

Right lateral

Front 23

What are the common views we take of the forelimb and hindlimb? (6)

Back 23

Cranial/caudal(Proximal to the carpus/tarsus)

Caudal/cranial(Proximal to the carpus/tarsus)

Dorsal/Palmar(Distal to the carpus/tarsus)

Palmar/Dorsal(Distal to the carpus/tarsus)

Dorsal/Plantar(Distal to the carpus/tarsus)

Plantar/Dorsal(Distal to the carpus/tarsus)

Front 24

Usually used for skull and extremities. “Neither perpendicular nor parallel.”

Back 24

Oblique views

Front 25

Oblique views are named by stating ______ _____ of ______ first then if it is______ or _______, then stating ____ _____ and if it is _______ or ______.

Back 25

entrance side of limb

medial or lateral

exit side of limb

medial or lateral

Front 26

Oblique view of horse carpus taken from the front with the x-ray machine positioned towards middle of horse’s body

Back 26

Dorsal-Medial-Palmaro-Lateral Oblique

Front 27

Oblique view of horse carpus taken from the back with the x-ray machine positioned away from midline

Back 27

Palmaro-Lateral-Dorso-Medial Oblique

Front 28

Back 28

q

Front 29

3 Goals of obtaining a diagnostic radiograph

Back 29

Get an image of the area of interest

Patient safety and welfare

Operator and assistant safety

Front 30

Area of interest should be in ________ _____

Back 30

primary beam

Front 31

Center of X-ray beam centered over _____ of _______

Back 31

area of interest

Front 32

In patient safety and welfare remember.... (7)

Back 32

Be patient, can be scary for the animal

Some (most) positions are uncomfortable

Go slowly and quietly

Do not over restrain, especially cats

Be gentle but firm

Desensitize to rotor noise

Get as much preparation done before positioning the patient as possible

Front 33

Some preparation that should be done before positioning the patient (6)

Back 33

Measure patient

Setting exposure technique

Positioning the cassette

Making the label

Gathering positional aids

Donning protective gear

Front 34

Operator and assistant safety rules (4)

Back 34

Distance: Stand back, lean back, look away

Shielding: Proper use of PPE, use restraint aids

Time: Correct settings(increased mAs will decrease time) and COLLIMATE

DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME

Front 35

Patient positioning aids must be made of ________ material if over or under area of interest

Back 35

radiolucent

Front 36

Patient positioning aids may be ________ or _________ if placed outside area of interest.

Back 36

radiolucent or radio-opaque

Front 37

Some positioning aids may include(7)

Back 37

Sandbags, bean bags, compression bands

Foam wedges

Wood blocks

Tape, radiolucent trough

Gauze, rope, bungee cords

Cloth leashes

Chemical restraint

Front 38

Collimation is also known as "_______ _____."

Back 38

"coning down"

Front 39

The coal of collimation is to produce ____ _____ ______ and still get ___ ____ _____ in the image

Back 39

smallest field possible

area of interest

Front 40

How much collimation is enough?

Back 40

"goldilocks rule" not to big, not too small, juuuust right.

Front 41

Proper collimation is important to reduce _____ ______ which can reduce _____ _____ and therefor reduce diagnostic value.

Back 41

scatter radiation; radiographic contrast

Front 42

Proper collimation makes for a more _____ ____ image and has less ______.

Back 42

visually appealing; less

Front 43

The best way to ensure patient welfare and the safety of the operator and assistant is to:

Back 43

DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 44

A radiograph is ___ dimensional representation of a ___ dimensional object

Back 44

2;3

Front 45

Some issues with radiographic views is there is a loss of ____ _______ and objects directly behind another can be ______ by the one in front.

Back 45

depth perception; obscured

Front 46

2 views at ______ ______ are required to allow depth perception. This is called _______ views.

Back 46

right angles (90°); Orthogonal

Front 47

Limbs generally require ______ views to view all carpal or tarsal bones

Back 47

oblique

Front 48

Patient preparation small animal (3)

Back 48

Clean patient

Remove collars, halters, etc

Remove bandages and splints if possible

Front 49

Patient preparation horses (4)

Back 49

Remove shoes and nails

Clean frog of foot to remove debris

Clean the area well

Pack sole with play-doh (Prevents air artifacts that can be misinterpreted as fractures of hoof wall or coffin bone)

Front 50

When performing radiographic study of limbs it is

often a good idea to ____ ______ ___ ___ ________

Back 50

radiograph opposite limb for comparison.

Front 51

Limbs should have the proximal and distal _____ of the area of interest in the view. Sometimes this is not possible in really large animals.

Back 51

joints

Front 52

Dividing film in ½ and taking both limbs on same piece of film

Back 52

Split views

Front 53

If taking split views area of interest should face ___ _____ in both views

Back 53

same direction

Front 54

During abdominal radiology gut should be free of ______ and _______ _______.

Back 54

ingesta and fecal material

Front 55

During abdominal radiology image should be taken at _____ _________.

Back 55

full expiration

Front 56

Why is an abdominal radiograph taken at full expiration?

Back 56

So diaphragm is in dome shape

Front 57

During abdominal radiology ________ and _______ are most commonly taken

Back 57

Right lateral and VentroDorsal

Front 58

Thoracic radiographs are generally taken during _____ ________.

Back 58

full inspiration

Front 59

On thoracic radiographs expiratory radiographs cause lungs to appear _________.

Back 59

pneumonic

Front 60

Occasionally we take expiratory radiographs to evaluate ____ of _______

Back 60

patency of trachea

Front 61

During thoracic radiology traditional radiographic views are the _______ and _____ ________. This is so we see standard views of the _______.

Back 61

VD and right lateral; heart

Front 62

During thoracic radiology right lateral allows us to see what is going on in the _____ lung

Back 62

left

Front 63

During thoracic radiology if masses are suspected in the right lung, must take a _____ ____ view

Back 63

left lateral

Front 64

"_______" is critical for thoracic views

Back 64

“Squareness”

Front 65

During thoracic radiology even slight rotation can accentuate_________, __________, and _______ errors

Back 65

magnification, elongation, and foreshortening

Front 66

During thoracic radiology magnification, elongation, and foreshortening errors can cause ______ of the ______ to appear distorted leading to misdiagnosis.

Back 66

chambers of the heart

Front 67

Radiographic Check List (8)

Back 67

Properly labeled, and indicated?

Exposure factors?

Centered?

Borders and collimation?

Patient properly positioned?

No gloves!!!!

Properly processed?

Minimal artifacts?

Front 68

Radiograph is a ______ record.

Back 68

legal

Front 69

ID must be permanently embedded in _______. “Sharpie” labels not acceptable.

Back 69

emulsion

Front 70

Old images must be kept for a minimum of ___ years but better to keep until _______ ______.

Back 70

7; animal dies

Front 71

Types of Film/Image Identification (4)

Back 71

Clinic/Patient Information

Directional Markers

Special Studies

Gravity Marker

Front 72

Patient Information Label should include (3)

Back 72

Name and address of clinic (name of doctor may be helpful)

Date

Patient ID (Owner name and patient name. age, sex and breed are helpful. Can be an ID number that refers to this information)

Front 73

Clinic/Patient Information Methods (2)

Back 73

Add when taking radiograph

Add before processing

Front 74

Methods to add Clinic/Patient Information when taking radiograph(2)

Back 74

Lead lettering

Leaded tape(Write on tape with ball-point pen)

Front 75

Methods to add Clinic/Patient Information before processing(1)

Back 75

Blocker in film cassette prevents certain area of film from being exposed during radiograph procedure

Flash system – uses unexposed area of film to place information (Some systems must remove film from cassette while some cassettes have a window that opens)

Front 76

When adding clinic/Patient Information be careful not to....

Back 76

cover up anatomic areas with label

Front 77

Placement of Patient Information labels:

Abdominal views

Back 77

Place label towards tail

Front 78

Placement of Patient Information labels:

Thorax views

Back 78

Place label towards head

Front 79

Placement of Patient Information labels:

Limb views

Back 79

Place label towards distal end in all views (cranial-causal, lateral or oblique)

Front 80

Types of Directional Markers are ____ _____ indicating position

Back 80

lead letters

Front 81

These lead directional letters include (examples)

Back 81

Right or Left

Dorsoventral (DV) or Ventrodorsal (VD)

Angle DorsoLateralPalmaroMedial Oblique (DLPaMO) etc.

Front 82

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Skull/trunk

Back 82

Left or Right side

Front 83

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Extremities (3)

Back 83

Which one (left or right)

Hind or forelimb (Especially important when performing metacarpal, metatarsal, fetlock, pastern or navicular studies on horses)

The view (DMPaLO, PaLDMO, etc)

Front 84

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Abdominal views. where are these ideally placed?

Back 84

Lateral; ventrally just cranial to rear legs if possible

Front 85

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Thoracic views. Where are these ideally placed?

Back 85

Lateral; ventrally just caudal to front legs if possible

Front 86

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Abdominal and thoracic markers should indicate which side is ____.

Back 86

down

Front 87

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Abdomen and thorax (2)

Back 87

Dorsal ventral (DV) or Ventral dorsal (VD) views

Marker should indicate which side (right or left)

Front 88

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Abdomen directional markers should be placed ______.

Back 88

caudally

Front 89

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Thorax directional markers should be placed ______.

Back 89

cranially

Front 90

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Extremities: Cranial-Caudal (CrCd)

Back 90

Place marker on Lateral side of limb

Front 91

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Extremities: Lateral

Back 91

Place marker on Cranial or Dorsal side of limb

Front 92

Directional Markers should be used to identify:

Extremities: Oblique

Back 92

Place marker on Dorso-lateral side of limb

Front 93

Markers outside of the light field projected by the collimator probably will ____ ____ __.

Back 93

not show up

Front 94

In Special Studies film identification sequentially taken radiographs are labeled with ____ _____. Not to be confused with ____ _____. Give examples.

Back 94

elapsed time; clock time

T= 0

T= 10 minutes

T= 30 minutes

T= 1 hour

Front 95

In Gravity Markers film identification markers indicate that patient is _______.

Back 95

standing

Front 96

When displaying films they should be viewed in a _______ _____ so film does not appear too light.

Back 96

darkened room

Front 97

When displaying films ventro-dorsal and dorso-ventral films should be viewed with ______ towards top of view box/screen and _____ side of body should be on the left.

Back 97

head; right

Front 98

When displaying films lateral films should be viewed with the _____ end to the left and ____ end to the top.

Back 98

cranial; dorsal

Front 99

Common radiographic distortions (3)

Back 99

Foreshortening

Elongation

Magnification

Front 100

Often more than one _______ occurs at the same time. Example

Back 100

distortion

Example- craniocaudal view of femur: Magnification and foreshortening of the distal end of the bone

Front 101

_________ is the foreshortening, magnification, or elongation of a body part

Back 101

Distortion

Front 102

Distortion is due to angulation of the _____ ____, the ____ _______, or the ______.

Back 102

body part, the x-ray receptor, or the tube

Front 103

Distortion can be useful when .....

Back 103

one body part obscures the area of interest

Front 104

Foreshortening is in result of angulation of the ______ ______.

Back 104

body part

Front 105

Elongation is in result of angulation of the ______ ____ or _____ ________.

Back 105

x-ray tube, image receptor

Front 106

Magnification of a body part is reduced if the body part is placed ...

Back 106

as close as possible to the image receptor

Front 107

Back 107

Elongation

Front 108

Back 108

Foreshortening

Front 109

Back 109

Magnification

Front 110

Motion during a radiograph results in a ______ image

Back 110

blurred

Front 111

Motion during a radiograph which causes a blurred image is referred to as _____ ________.

Back 111

geometric unsharpness

Front 112

The following factors can contribute to geometric unsharpness (3)

Back 112

Film movement

Patient movement

Tubehead movement

Front 113

Some common error for movement of patient are ______ and __________ movement.

Back 113

cardiac and respiratory

Front 114

Cardiac and respiratory movement can be improved with faster _____ _____.

Back 114

exposure time

Front 115

Can be in result of failure to depress exposure button or pedal properly

Back 115

Partial or no exposure

Front 116

Partial or no exposure can result in film being too ____ or ___ _____ at all.

Back 116

light; no image

Front 117

Can be in result of operator depresses exposure button more than once

Back 117

Double exposure

Front 118

Double exposure can result in _____ _____ on one film.

Back 118

two images

Front 119

Can be in result of operator using nails to grasp film or bending edges of film

Back 119

Bent film

Front 120

Bent film from nails will look like a large _____ on the film, otherwise it will appear as a _____ in the film.

Back 120

comma; crease

Front 121

Can be in result of hardware in the primary beam

Back 121

Artifacts

Front 122

Artifacts often include things like

Back 122

collars and halters, hands/gloves, labels in field of interest.

Front 123

Can be in result of moving film too quickly across a surface.

Back 123

Static electricity

Front 124

Static electricity looks like _______ on the film.

Back 124

lightening

Front 125

Other common artifacts:

Will appear as grey or white line on film

Back 125

hair or dirt

Front 126

Other common artifacts:

Will appear as streaky straight lines on a radiograph

Back 126

Grid deterioration

Front 127

Other common artifacts:

Appears as a dark line of edge of the film

Back 127

Partial exposure of film to light

Front 128

Other common artifacts:

Film will take on an overall grey appearance due to unsuitable storage conditions and exposure of film to light

Back 128

Film fog

Front 129

Other common artifacts:

Areas outside of collimation is exposed

Back 129

Scatter radiation

Front 130

Other common artifacts:

Film will lack density and must be distinguished from low mAs

Back 130

Development problems: weak developer,

Front 131

Other common artifacts:

Portion of film not developed; retains color of undeveloped film

Back 131

Development problems: incomplete immersion

Front 132

Other common artifacts:

Will appear as dark lines on the film due to improper cleaning of processor

Back 132

Roller marks

Front 133

Other common artifacts:

Will appear milky in appearance and turns brown in color over time

Back 133

Weak fixer/too short of time in fixer

Front 134

Other common artifacts:

Will appear like crystal on film or water spots

Back 134

Rinsing errors: fixer dries on film

Front 135

Technique evaluation:

What two main question should we ask ourselves?

Back 135

1. Do you like this film?

2. Is there proper penetration of the subject?

Front 136

Do you like this film? If not is it ......

Back 136

too light or too dark?

Front 137

If a film is too light we must....

Back 137

increase either kVp or mAs

Front 138

If a film is too dark we must....

Back 138

decrease either kVp or mAs

Front 139

Is there proper penetration of the subject (can you see through or inside patient)? If penetration is proper we must.....

Back 139

Adjust mAs

Front 140

Is there proper penetration of the subject (can you see through or inside patient)? If penetration is NOT proper we must.....

Back 140

Adjust kVp

Front 141

If image is too light, but properly penetrated we must......

Back 141

increase mAs by 30 – 50%

Front 142

If image is too light, but Improperly penetrated we must......

Back 142

Increase kVP by 10 – 15%

Front 143

If the image is too dark, but properly penetrated we must......

Back 143

Decrease mAs by 30 – 50 %

Front 144

If the film is too dark but Improperly penetrated we must.......

Back 144

Decrease kVp by 10 – 15%