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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are incisor teeth best visualized in radiography?
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- an intraoral view with beam projecting to strike the teeth perpendicularly
upper incisors = DV lower incisors = VD |
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How are arcades of teeth isolated?
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open mouth oblique views
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What is the least helpful view for visualizing teeth?
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VD or DV view
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What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth in the dog?
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3-1-3
-------- 3-1-3 |
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What is the dental formula for permanent teeth in the dog?
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3-1-4-2
----------- 3-1-4-3 |
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What is a breed variation in dental formula?
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brachycephalic breeds may have fewer - missing 1st P and last M
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crown
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portion of the tooth above the alveolar bony margin
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tubercle
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small protuberance of the crown just above the gingival margin
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neck
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junction of the crown and the root (slight constriction beneath tubercle at gingival margin)
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root
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embedded in bony alveolus
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dentin
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most of hard material of tooth - radioopaque
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enamel
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thin layer covering crown - thins at neck
-very radioopque (more than dentin), but thin enough so visualized well only when projected in tangent |
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cementum
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thin layer covering the root
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Amelocemental junction
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where enamel thins and joins cementum at neck
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pulp cavity
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lucent zone in the middle of the dentin - joins the root canal
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root canal
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pulp cavity in root
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apical foramen
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termination of root canal at apex of root
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periodontal membrane
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fibrous tissue anchors root to alveolus
-fills radiolucent line surrounding root from cemental margin to bony margin of alveolus (lamina dura) |
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lamina dura
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bony margin of alveolus
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Alveolar crest
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flat area of bony margin between teeth
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alveolar spines
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pointed area of crest where teeth are close together
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alveolar ridge
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angle between the crest and alveolus - sharply defined angle
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When are deciduous crowns completely calcified in dog?
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10-20 days post natal
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When are deciduous roots completely calcified in dog?
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40-50 days post natal
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When do deciduous teeth erupt?
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thru gums about day 20 - complete by day 35
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When are permanent teeth erupted in the dog?
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7 months
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What type of pulp cavity do young dogs have?
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large - and apical foramen is open
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What are age-related changes in dog teeth?
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-pulp cavity becomes smaller-
-alveolar crest regression - might stimulate mild periodontal disease -lamina dura becomes less distinct due to change in trabecular pattern of alveolar bone |
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oligodontia
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less than the normal number of teeth
-Anodontia - congenital absence of teeth (adjacent teeth may be large and shifted to fill space) - Acquired - due to dental disease, extraction, trauma (with time alveolus fills with bone) |
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Polydontia
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supernumerary teeth (may cause crowing, displacement, rotation, malocclusion
-esp. P and I |
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Why are oblique views in the horse essential?
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isolate roots of the teeth
(isolate roots of one side and the opposite side) (example right dorsal, left ventral) |
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What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth in the horse?
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3 -0 -3
-------- 3 -0 -3 |
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What is the dental formula permanent teeth in the horse?
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3-(1)-3/4-3
--------------- 3-(1)-3-3 -canines are small and DON'T erupt in mares -upper P1 is often absent or vestigial |
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Where are the periodontal membrane, lamina dura, alveolar margins, trabecular bone easier to visualize in the horse?
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mandible
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Where does the maxillary sinus lie in the horse?
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dorsal to M1-3 and caudal roof of P4
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How do permanent teeth form in the horse?
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-in cyst-like cavities
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What is important about the aging of a horse's teeth?
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teeth stop growing and yet continue to be worn therefore teeth get shorter
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What are the 3 basic categories of AT contrast studies that can be performed?
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1 - esophagram
2 - upper GI: SM intestine and stomach 3 - lower GI (barium enema): colon |
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What is barium paste used for?
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to study the esophagus ONLY
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When would you use a liquid, water-soluble organic iodide in the alimentary tract (for upper or lower GI)?
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-reserved for suspected alimentary tract perforations
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What type of yield procedure is an esophagram?
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high yield
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What are the three types of CM that can be used for an esophagram?
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1 - barium paste
2 - food bolus mixed with barium 3 - liquid CM (aqueous organic iodide) |
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When performing an esophagram, when is barium paste best used?
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to ID:
1 - mucosal margin (excellent for mucosal coating) 2 - location 3 - luminal content |
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When performing an esophagram, when is barium paste not used?
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in such cases as megaesophagus (won't fill distended, hypomotile structure) or esophageal stricutre (will readily pass)
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What is a barium food bolus good for?
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-better for esophageal filling and distension if the esophagus is dilated and thus good for:
megaesophagus and esophageal stricture |
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What is a food bolus with barium bad for in an esophagram?
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mucosal coating
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When are aqueous organic iodide liquid CM normally used in an esophagram?
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to reveal perforations, except when near the airways (in the case of airways, liquid barium is used because organic iodide is very irritating)
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What would liquid aqueous organic iodide media not be used for?
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-poorly coat mucosa
-do not fill a distended lumen -readily pass strictures |
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What is the difference between using paste/liquid and food for an esophagram?
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-radiograph is taken soon after a paste or liquid is administered
-there is not as much concern for time when a food bolus is administered, because you are looking for dilation and hypomotility |
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Where is the esophagus normally positioned?
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dorsal and to the left of the trachea; occasionally U shaped
-in thorax it is over the base of the heart |
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Describe the mucosal in a dog and cat.
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dog: uniform longitudinal folds throughout
cat: cranial 2/3 as a dog; caudal is herringbone pattern |
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What type of yield procedure is a UGI?
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-low yield
-procedure is time consuming and costly therefore must be carefully considered |
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What type of CM is used for UGI?
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liquid barium
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What are key things to remember when preparing a patient for an UGI?
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-fast for 12-24 hours overnight (empty stomach and SI, avoid filling defects created by ingesta)
-enema 2 hours prior -avoid chemical restraint that can delay gastric emptying (use acepromazine) |
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What is a common mistake when administering CM for an UGI?
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-underdosing - and need to give a large dose to fill the stomach fairly quickly so stomach does not start emptying
-a stomach tube is preferred for this |
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What views have better filling of the pylorus?
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Right lateral and DV
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What views have better filling of the fundus?
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left lateral and VD
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In a UGI, what is floroscopy esp helpful in?
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evaluating the stomach
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Why would a low volume dose be given in an UGI?
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to define the position of the stomach and size of the liver
-also can coat foreign objects with out obscruign them |
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How does a stomach appear in the cat and dog on a VD view?
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-dog = U with much of body left of midline - pylorus is right of the midline
-cat = J shaped with pylorus on or near the midline |
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Describe the position of fluid and air if a dog is in:
sternal recumb |
-air rises to the fundus
-fluid settles to pylorus and body |
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Describe the position of fluid and air if a dog is in:
dorsal recumb |
-air rises to body
-fluid settles to fundus and distal pylorus |
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Describe the position of fluid and air if a dog is in:
right recumb |
-air rises to fundus
-fluid settles to body and pylorus |
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Describe the position of fluid and air if a dog is in:
left recumb |
-air rises to pylorus
-fluid settles to fundus and body |
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Where are peristaltic contractions the strongest?
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-stronger distally therefore near pyloric antrum
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When will gastric emptying be complete in the dog and the cat?
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dog - 2-3 hours
cat - 1 hour |
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When will CM be visualized in an upper GI?
what might delay in gastric emptying mean? |
15 minutes
-disease - but could be other things like (insufficient gastric distension, feces in colon, drugs) |
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Which are the following are usually fixed? duodenum, jejunum, ilieum
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duodenum
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Where is the duodenum located?
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lateral - mid-abdomen
VD view - right abdominal wall |
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What part of the SI consists of most of the length of the SI?
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jejunum
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In the lateral view what does the following do to the SI:
gastric distension excess fat full bladder |
gastric distension - caudally
excess fat - ventrally full bladder - cranially |
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In the VD view, what side of the abdomen is most of the bowel pushed to?
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right
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What type of filling defect will mucosal folds produce in the SI?
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linear filling defect
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How do pseudoulcers appear in the desecending duodenum?
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-focal, square, sharply marginated outpouchings filled with air or barium
-due to mucosal thinning in the region of submucosal lymphoid follicles and are normal |
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In the small intestine, how might peristaltic contractions appear?
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focal narrowings of the lumen - not visible in consecutive radiographs
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More commonly seen in cats, how is hyperperistalsis seen in the duodenum?
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-as a string of pearls
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When might lower GI series be used and when might it not?
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used: to see mass lesion or intussusception
not used: for inflammatory diseases of the colon |
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Why must you be weary when interpreting LGI series?
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false results - is is easy to induce due to technique
1 - feces --> filling defects can simulate masses or irregularities in the mucosal margin 2 - air bubbles --> can simulate mass lesions 3 - peristalsis --> can simulate annular narrowing of the colon 4 - spasm near tip of catheter can create an area of irregular narrowing |
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Where is the cecum located?
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right, mid abdomen
dog - semicircle cat - comma |
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Ultrasound is usefull for evaluating the bowel to determine what?
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-bowel wall thickness (individual layers of the wall can be visualized - stripe appearance)
-lumen size -peristalsis -bowel content |
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What is a major deterrent to using US on the bowel?
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gas
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How are mass lesions of hollow organs classified?
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Intraluminal
Mural - mucosal Extrinsic - extramural |
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What does a intraluminal mass lesion look like?
-an intraluminal obstructing |
-due to objects contained free within the lumen; object smaller than diameter and CM passes around; visible in both views
-intraluminal obstructing: object is larger than the diameter -typically, both of these are foreign objects |
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What does a mural-mucosal mass lesion look like?
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-originates from the wall of the hollow organ and projects into the lumen; can look different from different angles
-often due to a mass lesion -annular is a variation on this theme and completely encircles the bowel |
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What does an extrinsic mass lesion look like?
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-shape changes due to lesions that originate outside of the hollow organ
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