Radiology

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Fluorescence:

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The instantaneous emission of light by a substance exposed to varying kinds of stimuli (e.g., light, chemicals, electrons, and ionizing radiation). The wavelength of the emitted fluorescent light is longer than that of the energy absorbed.

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Wilhelm Roentgen

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Roentgen found that a barium platinocyanide screen fluoresced brightly only when it was placed fairly close to the aluminum foil window of a thin glass tube. Roentgen then placed the screen close to a thicker walled (Hittorf-Crooks) tube without the aluminum foil window and found that this also caused fluorescence of the screen. November 8, 1895, Roentgen passed a discharge through the Hittorf-Crooks tube. None of the light inside the tube was visible through the cardboard cover. However, he noticed a faint greenish glowing object coming from a platinocyanide screen that was on the table, some distance away.

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W. Konig of Frankfurt

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The second dental radiograph was taken by this physicist

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William Morton, MD of New York, William Rollins, DDS, MD of Boston, or C Edmund Kells, DDS of New Orleans.

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took the first dental radiograph in the U.S

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C. Edmund Kells, DDS

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Supposedly took the first dental radiograph of a living patient in April, 1896. He also developed a film holder to allow the patient to hold a photographic glass plate wrapped in rubber dam intraorally for the extended exposure times

Front 6

William D. Coolidge

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introduced the hot-cathode tube (Coolidge tube). It replaced the cold aluminum cathode of gas tubes with as hot tungsten filament. It also had a high and stable vacuum that favored electron emission. The output of the Coolidge hot cathode tube could be predetermined and accurately controlled.

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Howard Raper

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Indiana University was the first to introduce dental radiology into the dental school curriculum. In addition, he was the first to write a book on Dental Radiology. best known as the inventor of the Bitewing Film (1926).

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Radiology:

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That branch of medical science which deals with the use of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Many different forms of electromagnetic energy are used in oral and maxillofacial radiology for the purposes of diagnosis and treatment. These energy forms are used in the following modalities:
• Plain film Radiographs • Computed tomography (CT) • Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI)\ • Ultrasound • Nuclear Medicine • Radiation Therapy • Thermography

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Radiobiology:

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The study of the action of ionizing radiation on biologic systems.

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Radiography:

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The process of making or acquiring radiographs.

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Bitewing radiographs:

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can see:
• Proximal caries • Overhanging restorations • Recurrent caries • Periodontal conditions • Calculus deposits

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Periapical radiographs:

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can see:
• Normal morphology • Periodontal status • Periapical pathology • Bony pathology

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Occlusal radiographs:

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• Locate retained root fragments • Locate unerupted teeth • Locate foreign bodies • Locate salivary gland stones
• Evaluate pathology • Evaluate trauma

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Panoramic radiographs:

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• Evaluate impacted teeth • Evaluate eruption patterns, growth and development • Detect pathology of the jaws • Examine the extent of large lesions • Evaluate trauma

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Cephalometric radiographs:

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• Evaluate facial growth and development • Evaluate trauma • Evaluate trauma • Evaluate developmental abnormalities

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Digital Radiology:

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Advances in technology have allowed progress into the “filmless” imaging. Medical radiology has already embraced this idea, and the dental profession is rapidly moving in this direction. Images are acquired using special receptors (instead of film and stored, manipulated, and viewed with the use of computers.)

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Film Processing

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Following the completion of a radiographic examination, standard techniques require the production of a permanent record (radiograph) that may be viewed and maintained in the patient’s record.

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Manual Processing

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This technique involves transferring the films manually from one processing solution to another, followed by rinsing and drying of the film. This technique is predictable and was the standard method used until the last 15 or so years. This method requires a considerable time investment.

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Automated Processing

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This technique uses an automatic processor to automatically pass the films through the processing chemicals, rinsing the chemicals off of the films and drying of the final radiographs. This techniques requires a minimum of time and produces radiographs of consistent density and contras

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Developer Solution

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Converts the invisible image into a visible one composed of minute particles of sliver

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Fixer Solution

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-Removes unexposed particles and hardens the surface of the radiograph to insure safe handling in ambient light.

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Density

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The degree of darkening of exposed and procssed photographic or x-ray film.

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Contrast

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The difference in image density appearing on a radiograph, representing
various degrees of x-ray attenuation.

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Dark (black) features

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Plain film radiographs = radiolucent Computed Tomography = low intensity Magnetic resonance Imaging = low signal

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Light (white) features:

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Plain film radiographs = radiopaque Computed Tomography = high intensity Magnetic resonance Imaging = high signal