Radiology

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obstructing the passage of x-rays

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radiopaque

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permitting the passage of x-rays

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administering radiation to a patient

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irradiation

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separation of stable substances into charged particles

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ionization

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deadly or fatal

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lethal

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treatment of disease (usually cancer) by means of high-energy rays (2 terms)

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radiation oncology or radiotherapy

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a physician who specializes in diagnostic radiology

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radiologist

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study of the uses of radioactive substances in the diagnosis of disease

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nuclear medicine

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radiopaque substances are given and conventional x-rays taken

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contrast studies

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use of motion picture techniques to record x-ray images

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cineradiography (type of fluoroscopy)

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series of x-rays are taken at different depths of an organ

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tomography

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use of echoes of high-frequency sound waves to diagnose disease

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ultrasonography

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x-ray beams ore focused from the body onto a screen that glows as a result of the ionizing effect of x-rays

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fluoroscopy

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a magnetic field and radio waves are used to form images of the body

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magnetic resonance imaging

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x-ray pictures are taken circularly around an area of the body, and a computer synthesizes the information into a composite cross-section picture

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computed tomography

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therapeutic procedures are performed by a radiologist under the guidance of fluoroscopy or ultrasound

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interventional radiology

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used to x-ray the spinal cord

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myelography

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used to x-ray the renal pelvis of kidney and urinary tract

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intravenous pyelography

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used to x-ray the blood vessels

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angiography

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used to x-ray the joints

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arthrography

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used to x-ray the upper gastrointestinal tract

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barium swallow

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used to x-ray the tubes within the lungs

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bronchography

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used to x-ray the bile vessel (ducts)

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cholangiography

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used to x-ray the lower gastrointestinal tract

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barium enema

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used to x-ray the uterus and fallopian tubes

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hysterosalpingography

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abbreviation for posterior to anterior view

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PA

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lying on the back

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supine (patient’s face is up)

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lying on the belly

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prone (patient lies on the belly)

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abbreviation for anterior to posterior view

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AP

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positioned on the side

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lateral

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x-ray tube positioned on an angle

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oblique view

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lying down on the side – a cross-table lateral position

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lateral decubitus

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movement toward the midline

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adduction

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turned inward

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inversion

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movement away from the midline

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abduction

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lying down (prone OR supine)

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recumbent

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turning outward

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eversion

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bending a part

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flexion

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straightening a limb

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extension

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process, test, or procedure in which something is measured or observed outside a living organism

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in vitro

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process, test, or procedure in which something is measured or observed in a living organism

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in vivo

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radioactive drug (radionuclide plus chemical) that is given for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

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radiopharmaceutical

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tests in which radioactive substance (radioisotopes) are used with chemicals and followed as they travel throughout the body

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tracer studies

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the rate of absorption of a radionuclide into an organ or tissue

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uptake

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a radiopharmaceutical is injected intravenously and traced within the blood vessels of the lung

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perfusion lung scan

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a radiopharmaceutical is inhaled, and its passage through the respiratory tract is imaged

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ventilation lung scan

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a radiopharmaceutical is given intravenously and taken up by bone tissue and a subsequent image allows the radioactive substance to be traced in the bone

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bone scan

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the radioisotope gallium 67 is injected intravenously, and the body is scanned

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gallium scan

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substance is given intravenously, and a scan (image) is made of its uptake in the thyroid gland

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thyroid scan

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Low-energy radiation used in treating superficial skin cancers is called

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orthovoltage

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High-energy radiation used to treat deeper tissues is called

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megavoltage

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Radiation therapy delivered from a shielded, distant unit is called

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external beam radiology

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Radiation therapy using an implanted radioactive substance is called

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brachytherapy

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A machine that delivers radiation therapy is called a

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linear accelerator

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A machine used to detect rays emitted by radioactive substances is a

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scintiscanner

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pertaining to that which is deadly or fatal

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lethal

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relieving symptoms but not curative

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palliative

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radioactive form of a substance

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radionuclide

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In this test, radioactive substances are given and metabolized by body cell – a cross-sectional image is then produced as radioactivity (positrons) is emitted from the body

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positron emission tomography

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tissue that is sensitive to radiation therapy

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radiosensitive

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tissue that is resistant to the effects of radiation therapy

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radioresistant

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a radioactive form (radionuclide) of a substance that gives off radiation

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radioisotope

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bone marrow stops functioning (may be a side effect of radiation therapy)

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myelosuppression

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radioisotopes placed in a tumor

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a form of brachytherapy

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ultrasound used to create an image of the heart

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echocardiography

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radioisotopes placed in a body cavity near a tumor – a form of brachytherapy

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intracavitary therapy

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alopecia

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baldness

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dysphagia

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difficulty swallowing

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hyperemesis

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excessive vomiting

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leukopenia

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deficiency of WBCs

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mucositis

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inflammation of mucous membranes

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pericarditis

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inflammation of membrane surrounding the heart

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xerostomia

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dry mouth

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pneumonitis

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inflammation of the lungs

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xer/o

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dry

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leth/o

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death

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fluor/o

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luminous, fluorescence

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tom/o

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to cut

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vitr/o

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glass

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viv/o

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life

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pharmaceut/o

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drug

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son/o

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sound

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brachy-

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short, short distance

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inter-

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between

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this diagnostic procedure produces images of all three planes of the body and visualizes soft tissue in the nervous and musculoskeletal systems

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MRI – magnetic resonance imaging

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this diagnostic procedure is frequently used to assess fetal size and development

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ultrasound

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radioactive substances are injected intravenously to assess heart function

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MUGA – multigated acquisition scan

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this unit of radiation is equal to 100 rads

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Gy – Gray

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radioactive substances and a computer are used to treat three-dimensional images

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SPECT – single-photon emission computed tomography

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this diagnostic procedure (x-rays are used) is necessary to investigate thoracic disease

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CXR – chest x-ray

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an x-ray of blood vessels made by taking two images (with and without contrast) and subtracting one from the other

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DSA – digital subtraction angiogram

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this treatment procedure may involve both brachytherapy and machines such as linear accelerators

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XRT – radiation therapy

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an x-ray position (side view)

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LAT – lateral

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a radioisotope used in nuclear medicine (tracer studies) and radiotherapy

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I131 - radioactive iodine

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radioactive substance is given intravenously, and a scan (image) is made of its uptake in the thyroid gland

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thyroid scan

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thallium 201 is given intravenously, and myocardial perfusion is assessed

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thallium scan

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an x-ray record of blood vessels after injection of contrast material into the vessels

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angiogram

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the process of taking an x-ray of a joint after injecting contrast material into the joint

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arthrography

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a phosphate compound containing radioactive technetium is given intravenously, and the bone are scanned for evidence of tumors

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bone scan

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the process of recording images of the bile duct system after the injection of contrast material into the common bile duct

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cholangiography

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“cine” means motion – uses motion picture techniques to record a series of x-ray images

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cineradiography

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CT – uses x-ray equipment and a computer to create multiple views including cross-sectional or axial images

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competed tomography

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material is injected into vessels and organs to produce contrast with the surrounding tissue

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contrast studies

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uses sound waves to visualize heart structures – echoes from sound waves bounce off heart tissue and create a picture of heart valves, walls, and chambers

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echocardiography

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the emission of glowing light that results from exposure to and absorption of radiation from x-rays

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florescence

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the process of using x-rays to produce an image on a fluorescent screen – the screen glows when exposed to x-rays

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fluoroscopy

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a nuclear medicine scan where gallium 67 radionuclide is injected intravenously and detected in areas of tumor or other lesions

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gallium scan

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high energy rays emitted by radioactive substances

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gamma rays

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the time required for radioactive substance to lose half its activity by disintegration

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half-life

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an x-ray record of the uterus and fallopian tubes after dye is injected into the uterus

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hysterosalpingogram

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a procedure that occurs outside the body

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in vitro

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a procedure that occur within a living organism

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in vivo

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therapeutic procedures performed by a radiologist under fluoroscopy or ultrasound guidance – examples of these procedures include positioning of catheters, draining of abscesses, and puncture of cysts

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interventional radiology

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ions are charged particles, and this process causes separation of stable particles into charged particles or ions (x-rays may cause this as the particles pass through substances)

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ionization

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a radiopharmaceutical that combines radioactive substance with a drug and can then be easily traced on radiographic studies

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labelled compound

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a magnetic field and radio waves record images of the body – organs can be viewed in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes

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magnetic resonance

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x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast within the membrane surrounding the spinal cord

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myelography

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describes a medical specialty that studies the use of radioactive studies in diagnosis and treatment of disease

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nuclear medicine

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tiny particles emitted from radioactive substances

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positrons

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in this procedure, radioactive substances that emit positrons are administered intravenously, and computed tomographic imaging then creates a cross-sectional image according to the concentration of the positrons in tissue. Physicians use this test to understand how the brain functions and for detection of tumors

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positron emission tomography (PET scan)

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records x-ray images of the kidneys and urinary tract after injection of contrast

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pyelogram

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an assay measures the quantity of a certain substance – this procedure combines the use of radioactive chemicals and immune proteins called antibodies to detect small quantities of a substance it the patient’s blood

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radioimmunoassay

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an alternative form of an element

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isotope

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a radioactive form of a substance also called radionuclides which give off radioactivity and can be used as tracers in nuclear medicine studies

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radioisotope

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lucent means the ability to transmit light

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this substance permits the passage of x-rays. Structures appear black on the x-ray film because the x-rays have penetrated through tissues and exposed the x-ray plate

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means blocking the passage of a substance such as light

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___ such as bone obstruct the passage of x-rays and appear white on x-ray film

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Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays, and this terms means the study of x-rays or radiology

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roentgenology

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refers to an image of an area, organ, or tissue of the body obtained using ultrasound, radioactive tracer studies, or computed tomography

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scan

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in this study, a radioactive tracer substance is injected intravenously and a computer reconstructs a 3-D image based on a composite of many views

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single photon emission tomography

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on image created by sound waves as they bounce off organs in the body

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sonogram

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attaching a radionuclide to a biochemical or drug and following its path in the body

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tagging

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in this nuclear medicine scan, ___ is injected intravenously and traced to heart muscle to observe heart function

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technetium (Tc99M sestamibi scan

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___ is injected intravenously and travels to heart muscle to test myocardial perfusion – areas of low perfusion, or cold spots, show ischemic damage

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Thallium (Tl 201)

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this prefix means “to cut” and this procedure describes the process of taking a series of images to show and organ in layer or slices

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tomography

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radionuclides are attached to chemicals and used as tags or markers

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the combination of radionuclides and chemical can be traced as it travels through the body

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a handheld device that sends and receives ultrasound signals

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transducer

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___ waves lie beyond the normal range of hearing, but they can be used to make an image of structures in the body

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ultrasound

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refers to the rate of absorption of radionuclide into an organ or tissue

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uptake

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describes the process of taking x-ray images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast

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urography

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a radiopharmaceutical is inhaled for the ventilation part of the study, and injected intravenously for the perfusion part of the study, and the passage of the inhaled pharmaceutical through the respiratory tract is then imaged

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ventilation-perfusion scan

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radioactive isotopes – emit radiation and are used in nuclear medicine scans

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