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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of diagnostic radiography (x-rays)
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routine (plain), enhanced (contrast), tomography, fluroscopy, mammography, computerized axial tomography (CAT), special procedures
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what do x-rays provide?
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anatomical pictures
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the radiographic densities
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gas (black), fat, fluid, bone (white), metal, the greater amount of energy absorbed, the less x-rays reach the film and the white the image
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risks associated with x-rays
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ionizing radiation, complications related to contrast (pregnancy, radiation sickness),
complications related to special procedures (perforation, infection, embolic event) |
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factors that may interfere with x-rays
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metallic objects, retained contrast material, overlying structures or bowel contents, position, movement
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how do x-rays give pictures?
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Based on ability of x-rays to penetrate tissues and organs differently according to tissue density, pass high voltage electrical current through a tungsten filter in a vacuum tube
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two basic views of x-rays
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anteroposterior(AP)
lateral |
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X-rays are used for routine examination of...
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chest, skull, abdomen, and bones
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Fluroscopy
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Observe motion, angiography procedures, exposes patient to more radiation
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Tomography
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sequence of x-ray films is obtained, allows examination of a single layer of tissue, CT has taken over
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CT scan
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passing x-rays through body organs at many angles
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contrast studies can be administered by
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orally, rectally, intravenously, percutaneously, inhalation, urinary
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most commonly used contrast medium
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barium sulfate for GI studies, organic iodine for vascular and renal, iodized oils for myelography
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risk factors to nephrotoxicity
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elevated serum creatinine, dehydration, CHF, older than 70, concurrent administration of nephrotoxic drugs
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xeroradiography
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uses photoelectric developing process (not photochemical like typical x-rays), used for soft tissue evaluation
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digital subtraction angiography
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type of computerized fluroscopy, venous or arterial catheterization is performed to visualize arteries (carotid, cerebral)
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risks of radiation exposure
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somatic effects (blood cell problems)
genetic effects (MR) fetal effects (birth defects) |
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contraindications of x-rays
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pregnancy
iodinated dye (IVP) arterial or venous puncture (cardiac catheterization) barium (upper GI) |
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potential complications of x-rays
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allergic reaction
embolic stroke infection problems with catheter insertion renal failure lactic acidosis |
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interfering factors with x-rays
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metallic objects
barium fecal material or gas in bowel improper positioning excessive movement |
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information necessary for radiologist
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test requested
history differential diagnosis must have reason to request it |
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reasons to request chest x-ray
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pulmonary, mediastinum, pleura, chest wall, diaphragm
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reading the chest x-ray, what to look at
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make mental picture
soft tissue lungs blood vessels special interest areas mediastinum chest wall |
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normal cardiothoracic ratio
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< 50%
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pleural mass
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looks like a snowball stuck to thoracic wall
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reasons to request abdominal x-rays
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abdominal pain, organs, intraluminal air, extraluminal air, abdominal calcifications, soft tissue mass, free fluid, bowel wall, artifact
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types of abdominal calcifications
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gallbladder wall, straghorn calculi, nephrocalcinosis, phleboliths, atherosclerosis
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bowel wall thickening
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chrome's disease
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reasons to request skeletal x-rays
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fractures, dislocations, infection, arthritis, metastasis
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reasons to request contrast studies
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GI studies
genitourinary studies cardiac/vascular studies myelography other/parenteral fistulogram arthrography |
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dangers of contrast use
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latex allergies
barium sulfate iodine containing materials non-ionic materials |
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apple core lesion
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associated with colon cancer, see with barium enema, swallow
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tomography
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focus on specific structure, at specific level
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fluroscopy
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motion of organs, movement of contrast material (barium swallow)
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mammography
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watch breast cancer
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CAT scan
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best examination of chest and abdomen, drawback is exposing to lots of radiation, looking foot to head, replaced plain x-rays
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reasons to request CT scans
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diagnosis (brain, chest, abdomen, bone, blood vessels, soft tissue)
procedure guidance, treatment determination (stages of cancer), follow-up |
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reasons to request special procedures x-rays
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cardiac catheterization
intervention procedures angiography |
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complications of special procedure x-rays
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perforation
infection embolus |
