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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anything that occupies space and hasmass. |
Matter |
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the fundamental unit of matter. |
Atom |
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When matter is altered, ---- results |
energy |
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composed of protons and neutrons. |
Nucleus |
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have positive electrical charges. |
Protons |
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carry no electrical charge. |
Neutrons |
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All matter is composed of ----. |
atoms |
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two parts of an atom |
central nucleus orbiting electrons |
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The Identity of an atom is determined by the composition of the ----- and the arrangement of orbiting -----. |
nucleus, electrons |
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Nucleus is composed of ---- and -----. |
protons and neutrons |
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Protons have ---- electrical charges. Neutrons carry ---- electrical charge. Electrons have ---- electrical charge. |
positive, no, negative |
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The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom determines its ---- or ----- |
mass number or atomic weight. |
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The number of protons inside the nucleus ---- the number of electrons outside the nucleus and determines the ----. |
equals, atomic number |
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tiny, negatively charged particles that have very little mass |
Electrons |
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Electrons travel around the nucleus in well-defined paths known as ---- or ----- |
orbits or shells. |
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The shell located ----- to the nucleus has the highest energy level. |
closest |
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Electrons are maintained in their orbits by -----. They are known as the binding energy of an electron. Binding energy is determined by the distance between the ---- and the orbiting -----. The strongest binding energy is found ---- to the nucleus in the Kshell. |
electrostatic force, nucleus, electron, closest |
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----- are capable of combining with each other to form molecules. |
Atoms |
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two or more atoms joined bychemical bonds |
Molecules |
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Two ways molecules are formed |
1. The transfer of electrons 2. The sharing of electrons |
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Atoms can exist in a ---- state or in an electrically ----- state •Most atoms are neutral |
neutral, unbalanced |
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contains an equal number of protons (+) & electrons (-) |
Neutral atom |
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Atom with incomplete filled outer shell is electrically unbalanced and attempts to capture an ---- from an adjacent atom. If an atom gains an electron, it has more electrons than protons and neutrons and is ----- charged. An atom that loses an election has more protons and neutrons and is ---- charged. |
electron, negatively, positively |
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an atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced |
ions |
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the production of ions
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Ionization |
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When an electron is removed from an atom in the ionization process, an ---- results. –The atom becomes the ---- ion. –The ejected electron becomes the ---- ion. |
ion pair, positive, negative |
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the emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles. |
Radiation |
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the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state. |
Radioactivity |
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A substance is considered radioactive if it ----- |
gives off energy |
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Radiation is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom. |
Ionizing Radiation |
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Ionization radiation can be classified into two groups |
•Particulate radiation •Electromagnetic radiation |
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tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds. Transmits kinetic energy by moving extremely fast |
Particulate radiation |
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Electrons Alpha particles Protons Neutrons |
Four types of particulate radiation |
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Emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals and exist as 2 protons and neutrons, without electrons. origin: nucleus |
Alpha Particle |
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Electrons can be classified as ----- or ----- x-rays. origin: nucleus |
beta particles, cathode |
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fast-moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms. |
Beta particle |
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streams of high speed electrons that originate in an x-ray tube. |
Cathode x-rays |
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accelerated particles, specifically hydrogen nuclei, with a mass of 1 and a charge of +1 origin: nucleus |
Protons |
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accelerated particles with a mass of 1 and no electrical charge origin: nucleus |
Neutrons |
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the propagation of wavelike energy (without mass) through space or matter. |
Electromagnetic Radiation |
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Electromagnetic Radiation may be ----- or occur ----. They are arranged in the electromagnetic spectrumaccording to their energies in what is termed ----- |
artificial, naturally, electromagnetic spectrum |
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Cosmic rays –Gamma rays –X-rays ultraviolet rays –Visible light –Infrared light –Radar waves –Microwaves –Radio waves |
Examples of Electromagnetic Radiation |
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Electromagnetic Radiations are believed to move through space as both a ---- and a ----- |
particle, wave |
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Photons are bundles of energy with ----- that travel as waves at the ---- and move through space in a -----, "carrying the energy' of electromagnetic radiation. The wave concept characterizes electromagnetic radiation as waves and focuses on the properties of -----, -------, and ------. |
no mass or weight, speed of light, straight line, velocity, wavelength, and frequency. |
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Discrete bundles of energy |
photons |
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properties of electromagnetic radiations |
p. 13 |
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The speed of the wave |
Velocity |
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The distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next |
Wavelength |
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The number of wavelengths that pass a certain point in a given length of time |
Frequency |
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high-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation. |
X-radiation |
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weightless bundles of energy without an electrical charge that travel in waves with a specific frequency at the speed of light. |
X-rays |
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X-ray photons interact with the materials they penetrate and cause ----- |
ionization |
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Properties of X-Rays |
p. 14 |
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Components (parts) of an x-ray machine |
•Control panel •Extension arm •Tubehead |
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contains an on-off switch and an indicator light, and exposure button and indicator light, and control devices (time, kilovoltage, milliamperage) to regulate the x-ray beam Plugged into an electrical outlet |
control panel |
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•Suspends the x-ray tube head •Houses the electrical wires that extend from the control panel to the tube head •Allows for movement and positioning of the tubehead |
Extension Arm |
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A tightly sealed, heavy metal housing that contains the x-ray tube that produces dental x-rays |
Tubehead |
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Surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers, protects tube and grounds high voltage components |
Metal housing |
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Surrounds x-ray tube and transformers, prevents overheating |
Insulating oil |
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Permits exit of x-rays from tubehead, seals the oil, filters x-ray beam |
Tubehead seal |
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Heart of generating system |
X-ray tube |
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Alters voltage of incoming electricity |
Transformer |
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–Sheets of 0.5 mm thick aluminum placed in the path of the x-ray beam/filters out the non-penetrating, longer wavelength x-rays –Filter out non penetrating, longer wavelength x-rays |
Aluminum disks |
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–Restricts size of x-ray beam –Lead plate with a central hole that fits over the opening of the metal housing, where x-rays exit. Restricts the size of x-ray beam |
Lead collimator |
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–Aims and shapes the x-ray beam –Open-ended, lead-lined cylinder that extends from opening of the metal housing of the tubehead |
Position-indicating device |
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•Heart of the x-ray generating system •Critical to production of the x-rays •Glass vacuum tube/air has been removed |
X-ray Tube |
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leaded glass housing negative cathode positive anode |
Parts of the X-ray Tube |
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A glass vacuum tube Measures several inches long by --- inch in diameter |
1 |
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–Prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions –One area has a “window” that permits the x-ray beam to exit the tube and directs the beam toward the aluminum disks, lead collimator, and PID. |
leaded glass vacuum tube, Cathode (-) |
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The ----- produces electrons whenheated. |
tungsten filament |
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The ----- focuses electrons into a narrow beam and directs the beams toward the tungsten target. |
molybdenum cup |
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–Consists of a wafer-thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod –Converts electrons into x-ray photons |
positive electrode, Anode (+) |
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The ----- serves as a focal spot and convertselectrons into photons. |
tungsten target |
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The ---- functions to dissipate heat away from the tungsten target. |
copper stem |
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The energy used to make x-rays |
Electricity |
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A flow of electrons through a conductor |
Electrical current |
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When electrons flow in one direction through a conductor |
Direct current (DC) |
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When electrons flow in two opposite directions |
Alternating current (AC) |
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The conversion of alternating current to direct current |
Rectification |
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the measurement of the number of electrons moving through a conductor. |
Amperage |
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Current is measured in ---- or ----- |
amperes (A) or milliamperes (mA). |
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the measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from a negative pole to a positive one. |
Voltage |
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Voltage is measured in ----- or ----- |
volts (V) or kilovolts (kV). |
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Can increase or decrease the number of electronspassing through the cathode filament |
Milliamperage adjustment |
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Can control the current passing from the cathode to the anode |
Kilovoltage peak (kVp) adjustment |
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A path of electrical current |
Circuit |
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–Uses 3 to 5 volts –Regulates flow of electrical current to the filament –Controlled by milliampere settings |
Filament circuit |
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–Uses 65,000 to 100,000 volts –Provides high voltage required to generate x-rays –Controlled by kilovoltage settings |
High-voltage circuit |
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What are the two electrical circuits used in the production of x-rays |
Filament circuit High-voltage circuit |
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a device used to either increase or decrease the voltage in an electrical circuit. |
transformer |
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Three transformers are used to adjust the electrical circuits |
1. Step-down transformer 2. Step-up transformer 3. Autotransformer |
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Used to decrease voltage from the incoming 110- or 220-line voltage to the 3 to 5 volts used by the filament circuit More wire coils in the primary coil than in thesecondary coil |
Step-Down Transformer |
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Used to increase incoming voltage to 65,000 to 100,000 volts used by the high-voltage circuit More wire coils in the secondary coil than inthe primary coil |
Step-Up Transformer |
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•A voltage compensator –Corrects for minor fluctuations in current |
Autotransformer |
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Electricity from the ----- supplies thepower to generate x-rays. |
wall outlet |
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The current is directed to the ---- and ----- transformer in the tubehead |
filament circuit, step-down |
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The filament circuit uses ---- volts to heatthe tungsten filament in the cathode. |
3 to 5 |
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The electrons stay in an ---- untilthe high-voltage circuit is activated. |
electron cloud |
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When the exposure button is pushed, the high-voltage circuit is activated. The electrons produced at the ---- are accelerated across the x-ray tube to the -----. The ---- in the cathode directs electrons to the ----- in toanode. |
cathode, anode, molybdenum cup, tungsten target |
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When electrons strike the tungsten target, less than 1% of the energy is converted to ----, the remaining 99% is lost as -----. |
x-rays, heat |
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The heat produced during the production of x-rays is carried away from the copper stem and absorbed by the ----- in the tubehead. X-rays produced are emitted from the target in all directions. A small number of x-rays are able to exit from the x-ray tubethrough the -----. |
insulating oil, unleaded glass |
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X-rays travel through the unleaded glass window, the tubehead seal, and aluminum disks. The aluminum disks remove or filter the ---- wavelength x-raysfrom the beam. |
longer |
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The size of the x-ray beam is restricted by the lead ----. The x-ray beam exits the tubehead at theopening of the -----. |
collimator, PID |
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slide |
71 |
