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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define disease.
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The pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from tor variation of normal conditions
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What are the causes of disease?
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Hereditary
Trauma Infection Vascular processes Metabolic processes |
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What are signs and symptoms?
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Signs are measurable or objective manifestations
Symptoms are feelings that the patient describes |
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What is meant by iatrogenic?
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Disease caused by the physician or treatment
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What are nosocomial infections?
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Infections acquired from the care facility
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What is inflammation?
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The initial response of the body tissues to local injury
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What are the 5 signs of inflammation?
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Rubor
Tumor Calor Tumor Loss of function |
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What is a permeable membrane?
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A membrane that allows fluids to pass
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What is granulation tissue?
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Scar tissue that replaces destroyed tissue
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What are pyogenic bacteria?
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Bacteria that causes the production of pus
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What is an abscess?
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Localized collection of fluid - usually pus
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What is edema?
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Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body
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What is anasarca?
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Generalized severe edema
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What is elephantiasis?
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Edema of an extremity caused by lymphatic blockage
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What is ischemia?
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Interference with the blood supply to an organ or part
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What causes ischemia?
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Narrowing or the arterial supply
Thrombotic occlusion of the arterial supply Embolic occlusion of the arterial supply |
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What is infarction?
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Localized cell death caused by ischemia
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What is hemorrhage?
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Rupture of blood vessels allowing blood to escape - can be external or internal
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What is a hematoma?
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Accumulation of blood within body tissues
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What is neoplasia?
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Means new growth
Usually an abnormal proliferation of cells Can be benign or malignant |
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What is atrophy?
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Reduction of the size or number of cells of an organ or tissue
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What is hypertrophy?
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Increase in of the size or number of cells of an organ or tissue
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What is hyperplasia?
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Increase in the number of cells in an organ
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What is oncology>
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The study of cancer and neoplasms
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What is meant by malignant?
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Neoplastic growth that invades adjacent tissue and can spread to distant tissues
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What is metastasis?
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Malignant cells that have spread to distant tissues
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What is carcinoma?
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Malignant cells of epithelial origin
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What is meant by anaplastic?
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Undifferentiated growth
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What is sarcoma/
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Malignant tumor of connective tissue
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What is meant by lymphatic spread?
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Spread of cancer through the lymphatic system
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What is meant by hematoagenous spread?
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Spread of cancer cells through the blood stream
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What is cancer staging?
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Assesses the extensiveness of the tumor
Assesses the presence of metastases |
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What is epidemiology?
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Study of the determinants of disease in a population
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What is meant by morbidity?
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Rate of injury from a disease
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What is meant by mortality?
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Rate of death from a disease
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What is meant by hereditary diseases?
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Diseases that result from abnormal DNA
Usually pass from one generation to the next |
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What are autosomes?
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The 44 non-sex chromosomes
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What are dominant genes?
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Genes that always produce their effect
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What are recessive genes?
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Genes that produce their effect only if no dominant gene is present (2 recessive genes present)
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What is meant by genetic mutations?
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Induced alterations in DNA that may be come hereditary changes
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What are the types of immune reactions?
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Anaphylactic
Cytotoxic Delayed |
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What are antigens?
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Foreign substances that cause the production of antibodies
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What are antibodies?
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Immunoglobulins produced in response to an antigen
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What is active immunity?
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Production of antibodies in response to an exposure to an antigen
Vaccines work this way |
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What is a vaccine?
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Attenuated antigens which cause antibody production without causing disease
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What is a toxoid?
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An attenuated substance that causes the production of antibodies without causing a toxic reaction
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What is an anaphylactic reaction?
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A severe allergic reaction.
Symptoms are caused by histamine release |
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What are standard precautions?
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Protection utilized when delivering healthcare services for any person
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What is personal protection?
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gowns, gloves masks, etc. used to transmission of infectious agents
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What are transmission-based precautions?
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Use of additional protection in cases of highly infectious agents
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What is AIDS?
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Acquired Immunodeficienty Syndrome
Seen most commonly in homosexual men and drug abusers Patients at great risk for opportunistic infections |
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Describe ultrasound.
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Non-invasive modality using high-frequency sound
Is a cross-sectional technique |
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Describe computed tomography.
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Radiation used to produce cross-sectional images
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Describe magnetic resonance imaging.
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Produced by placing body parts in a strong magnetic field and pulsing radiofrequency waves
The magnetic field causes a change in the energy of the hydrogen atoms of the tissues Imaging modality of choice for CNS, spine, musculoskeletal disease |
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Describe nuclear medicine studies.
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Patient is given radiopharmaceutical
Images are created by radiation emitted from the patient |
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Describe single-positron emission computed tomography.
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Type of NM imagine
Produces CT-like cross sections |
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Describe positron emission tomography.
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Uses radionuclides similar to naturally occurring substances in body - carbon, nitrogen, glucose
Shows metabolic activity of the area of interest Very useful in oncology and neurology |
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Describe fusion imaging.
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Combines anatomic images with metabolic function images
Increases accuracy of diagnosis. |
