Radiography Test #5

Front 1

Ch 10
Quality Assurance:

Back 1

Procedures used to assure the production of high-quality diagnostic radiographs

Front 2

what are the quality control equipment and supplies?

Back 2

Dental X-rays Machines (tubehead drift), Dental X-ray Film (freshness), Screens and Cassettes (dirt and scratches), Viewing Equipment (dirt and discolor)

Front 3

how often should we monitor film processing

Back 3

Daily-check for light-tightness and light leaks

Front 4

What is the Coin Test:

Back 4

Unwrap one unexposed film in a completely darkened darkroom and place it at least 4 feet from the safelight. Next place a coin on top of the film. Turn on safelight and allow the film and coin to be exposed to the light 3-4 min. Then process film.

Front 5

Processing equipment is:

Back 5

Manual Processor and automatic processor. They must be meticulously maintained on a daily basis

Front 6

Processing Solutions*

Back 6

The best way to check the strength of the developer, is the compare film densities to a standard with one of the following tests.

Front 7

Reference Radiographs*

Back 7

One that is processed under ideal conditions and used to compare densities to daily radiographs

Front 8

If the density of the daily radiograph apprears lighter the developer solution is either

Back 8

weak or cold (and vice versa. Density appears darker= concentrated or too warm)

Front 9

Stepwedge Radiographs*

Back 9

Expose 20 films with stepwedge on top of them

Front 10

Normalizing device:

Back 10

Commercially available monitoring device for the developer solution

Front 11

Quality administration procedures:

Back 11

Description of the plan

Assignment of duties
A monitoring schedule

Maintenance schedule

Record-keeping log

plan for evaluation and revision

in-service training

Front 12

CH 12-
Interpersonal skills-

Back 12

Skills that promote good relationship between individuals

Front 13

What are the different kinds of communication skills

Back 13

Verbal (avoid slang) , Nonverbal (consistent with verbal), Listening (don't allow distractions)

Front 14

Facilitation skills:

Back 14

Skills used to ease communication and develop a trusting relationship, encourages questions, and fulfills their expectations of tx.

Front 15

First impressions:

Back 15

appearance is key (don't chew gum)

Front 16

Chairside manner:

Back 16

should make the patient feel comfortable and at ease

Front 17

Attitude:

Back 17

Courtesy, patience, and honestly are important

Front 18

Ch-13
importance of pt. ed:

Back 18

"Comprehensive dental health education is one of the greatest services that a dental professional can provide for the pt."

Front 19

Methods of pt. ed:

Back 19

Oral presentation

Printed info

Both methods combined: most effective

Front 20

Common questions/answers:

Back 20

Necessity Qs: treatment without necessary radiographs is considered negligent.

Exposure Q:

Safety Q: x-rays don't cause cancer

Misc. Q: pt can request a copy of their radiographs or view them upon request

Front 21

Ch 14-

Federal and State Regulations:

Back 21

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act

Front 22

Licensure Requirements:

Back 22

licensed dentists and dental hygienists are not required to obtain additional certification to expose dental radiographs

Front 23

Risk Management:

Back 23

examines the risks in dental practice and presents methods that enable practitioners to reduce and control these risks

Front 24

Informed Consent:*

Back 24

Prior to receiving tx, the pt should be away of vafrious aspects of the proposed tx, as well as the effects of receiving no tx and must give their consent (<18 consent must be obtained from legal guardian)

Front 25

Self-determination*

Back 25

The pt has the legal right to make choices about their treatment

Front 26

*Disclosure:

Back 26

the process of informing the pt of all aspects to tx. -only after disclosure can informed consent be given.

Front 27

Liability

Back 27

Dental auxiliaries are legally liable for their own actions, but supervising dds is also liable.

Front 28

Statute of limitations:

Back 28

time period that a pt may bring a malpractice action against a dentist/auxiliary

Front 29

Pt. records:

Back 29

Documentations: informed consent, # and type of radiographs and rationale for exposure, diagnosis made on basis of the radiographs

Front 30

Ownership/Retention*

Back 30

The dentist "owns" the radiographs and should keep them indefinitely (due to varying statute of limitation laws)

Front 31

Patients who refuse dental radiographs:

Back 31

the DDS must decide whether an accurate diagnosis can be made and treatment rendered without the radiographs.

Front 32

Ch 15-

Infectious diseases may be transmitted from

Back 32

A pt to dental professional

pt to another pt

dental professional to pt

Front 33

what are the routes of transmission

Back 33

Direct contact to pathogen

Indirect contact with contaminated objects

Direct contact with airborne contaminants

Front 34

Conditions of infection

Back 34

-Susceptible host

-Pathogen

-Portal of entry

Front 35

antiseptic:

Back 35

Inhibits bacteria growth

Front 36

asepsis:

Back 36

Absence of pathogens

Front 37

Disinfect:

Back 37

inhibit/destroy pathogens

Front 38

Exposure incident:

Back 38

Incident that involves contact with blood/ infectious material

Front 39

Parenteral exposure:

Back 39

exposure to blood by puncture/piercing skin barrier

Front 40

Sterilize:

Back 40

make something free from bacteria or microorganisms.

Front 41

T/F Protective clothing should be removed before leaving the dental office

Back 41

TRUE

Front 42

When should gloves be worn

Back 42

when touching contaminated items or surfaces

Front 43

should you wear the same mask with different patients

Back 43

nope

Front 44

*Critical instruments

Back 44

Instruments are used to penetrate soft tissue or bone

Front 45

*Semicritical instrument

Back 45

instruments that contact but do not penetrate soft tissue or bone must also be sterilized after each use (xray holders)

Front 46

*Noncritical instruments

Back 46

instruments that do not come in contact with the mucous membranes, low level infection techniques are all that's necessary (mirror, glasses, lysol spray)

Front 47

*Methods of sterilization include:

Back 47

Autoclave

Dry Heat

Chemical Vapor

Front 48

Preparations of treatment area:

Back 48

all surfaces that are likely to be touched during tx should be covered

Front 49

Prep of supplies and equipment:

Back 49

make sure everything is out before you begin

Front 50

this should be done before the dental professional washes hands and wears gloves:

Back 50

chair positioned, headrest adjusted, placement of thyroid collar, removal or objects by the patient that may interfere with exposure

Front 51

Prep of dental radiographer:

Back 51

wash hands, gloves, mask and eyewear placement, assemblage of film-holding devices

Front 52

During exposure:

Back 52

Drying of films, collection of exposed films,

Front 53

following exposure:

Back 53

dispose of contaminated items, lead apron removal, surface disinfection

Front 54

Film transport

Back 54

the disposable container used to hold the contaminated films should not be touched by contaminated gloves.

Front 55

Ch 25-

Digital Radiography

Back 55

Filmless imaging system that uses sensors instead of film to capture the x-radiation or light and create an electronic image

Front 56

Charged-coupled Device (CCD):

Back 56

an image receptor (solid state) that converts x-ray energy into electrons that can be detected electronically (with computer)

Front 57

*Pixel:

Back 57

a small box/cell into which the electrons produced by the x-ray exposure are deposited

Front 58

Pixel is the digital equivalent of a ...

Back 58

silver halide crystal

Front 59

Digital subtraction:

Back 59

reversing the gray-scale (making what was radiolucent... radiopaque)

Front 60

Digitize:

Back 60

to convert an image into digital form

Front 61

*sensor:

Back 61

the detector that captures the radiation/light to form the image

Front 62

Fundamentals:

Back 62

-sensor is placed in pt. mouth

-radiation or light is used to energize sensor

-electronic charge is produced on surface of sensor

-electronic charge converts to digital info

-processed by computer and displayed

Front 63

The typical sensor is more sensitive to x-rays than conventional film and requires___% less radiation exposure than F-speed film

Back 63

50-80%

Front 64

X-radiation source:

Back 64

a conventional dental x-ray unit that can still function for conventional radiography

Front 65

Intraoral sensor:

Back 65

may be wired or wireless

Front 66

Three types of sensors:

Back 66

Charge-coupled device (most common)

CMOS/APS: 25% greater resolution, less expensive

Charge injection device (CID): no computer required

Front 67

Computer serves as the*

Back 67

Serves as the processor, storage unit and view box

Front 68

*Direct digital imaging

Back 68

What we use in clinic (direct-sensor)

Front 69

*Indirect digital imaging:

Back 69

an existing x-ray film is digitized using a CCD camera

Front 70

Storage Phosphor imaging*

Back 70

less rapid than direct digital imaging, a wireless digital radiography system

Front 71

Sensor prep:

Back 71

the sensor must be covered with disposable barrier

Front 72

Sensor placement:

Back 72

paralleling technique

Front 73

Advantages:

Back 73

superior gray-scale resolution

Reduced exposure to x-radiation (50-80%)

increased speed

lower equipment and film cost

increased efficiency

enhancement of diagnostic image

effective pt education tool

Front 74

disadvantage

Back 74

initial set-up costs

image quality

sensor size

infection control

legal issues

Front 75

Ch 26:
DICOM data:

Back 75

universal format for handling, storing, transferring three dimensional imaging

Front 76

Voxel:

Back 76

smallest element of 3-D dimensional image

Front 77

field of view (FOV)

Back 77

image capture area

Front 78

muliplanar reconstruction (MPR)

Back 78

the reconstruction of raw data into images imported into viewing software

Front 79

3D source of radiation in CBCT machines:

Back 79

rotate around the head of the pt.

Front 80

Field of view-

Back 80

a single scan will acquire multiple images on field of view

Front 81

DICOM images

Back 81

imported into viewing softwares that allows the dental practitioner to see the field of view in 3D

Front 82

Axial (X) or transverse plane:

Back 82

horizontal plane, divides body in half

Front 83

Coronal (Y) plane:

Back 83

vertical plane, front/back

Front 84

Sagittal (Z) plane:

Back 84

vertical plane, right/left

Front 85

CBCT machine

Back 85

about the size of a pano

Front 86

advantages of 3D

Back 86

lower radiation

8-10 scans

accurate images

easily transport images

Front 87

disadvantages of 3D

Back 87

pt movement

size of field of view

cost of equipment 150,000-300,000

lack of training in interpretation

Front 88

Ch 17-

Parallelling technique (extension cone paralleling)

Back 88

Right angle technique, and long-cone technique

Front 89

object to film distance

Back 89

increased to stay parallel; results in image magnification and loss of definition and distortion

Front 90

target to film distance

Back 90

must also be increased

Front 91

A long PID is used

Back 91

result in less image magnification and increased definition

Front 92

Film holders (semi critical instruments)

Back 92

XCP, precision, stabe, snaparay, hemostat

Front 93

Film size 1

Back 93

Anterior

Front 94

film position

Back 94

Dot in the slot

Front 95

Anterior exposure technique

Back 95

size 1 films: 7 anterior films

size 2 films: 6 anterior films

Front 96

Posterior exposure technique

Back 96

begin with the max. right quadrant (premolar first)

Front 97

film placement: Max/Mand canine:

Back 97

centered on the canine

Front 98

Maxillary incisors

Back 98

Centered on contact between central and lateral incisor
Centered on contact between central incisors

Front 99

mand. incisors:

Back 99

centered on contact between central incisors

Front 100

max/mand premolar:

Back 100

centered on 2nd premolar with anterior of the film over the K9

Front 101

max/mand molar:

Back 101

centered on the 2nd molar with anterior edge of film aligned with the midline of the 2nd premolar

Front 102

Techniques to compensate

Back 102

cotton rolls
vertical angulation

Front 103

bony growths: Mandibular Tori

Back 103

Film must be placed between the tori and the tongue

Front 104

advantages

Back 104

little to no dimensional distortion

accuracy

duplication

Front 105

disadvantages

Back 105

film placement-small mouth or shallow palate