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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal anatomical location of the stomach?
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Caudal to liver
Cranial to transverse colon |
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Where is the pylorus located in the dog? cat?
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Dog=right of midline
Cat=on or slightly left of midline |
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Where is the gastric axis drawn on the stomach?
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From fundus to pylorus
-Lateral view: parallel to ribs -VD: perpendicular to spine |
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What lateral view puts fluid in the pylorus and gas in the fundus?
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Right lateral recumbency (pylorus on right side in dog)
-Gas in pylorus with left lateral recumbency |
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Does DV or VD put fluid (contrast) in the pylorus?
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DV puts fluid in pylorus (located more ventral)
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How long do patients need to fast before gastric radiography? How many views?
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Ideally 12-24 h
Always at least 2 views -Obtain opposite lateral |
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What is the anatomical location of the lesion if an animal is vomiting or regurgitating?
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Upper SI or stomach
-Mid jejunum don't vomit -Vomiting means that something is obstructing outflow tract |
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What are 2 normal causes of gastric distention?
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After meal
Aerophagia |
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What are 2 differentials for an acute pyloric obstruction?
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Volvulus
Foreign body |
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What are 3 differentials for a chronic pyloric obstruction?
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1) Pyloric stenosis
2) Mucosal hypertrophy 3) Neoplasia |
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What dogs get gastric torsion?
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Large, giant breeds
Deep chested |
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How does gastric torsion appear on a radiograph?
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Compartmentalization of stomach
-See the smurf's head |
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What is the normal diameter of the small intestine?
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Dog=<1.6 x heigh of central portion of body of L5
Cat=<12 mm -Should be evenly wide |
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Where is the cecum situated in a dog on a radiograph? Cat?
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Usually right of midline on VD and central on lateral view
C shaped appearance -Cat not commonly seen? |
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What is the normal colon diameter?
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<length of L7
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Where is the ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon normally located in small animals?
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Ascending colon-right of midline
Transverse colon-caudal of stomach Descending colon-left of midline |
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What are 4 common problems of the small intestine?
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1) Inflammatory bowel disease
2) Infiltrative disease such as neoplasia e.g. lymphoma, adenocarcinoma 3) Paralytic ileus 4) Mechanical ileus (obstruction) |
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What is ileus?
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Failure of ingesta to pass through the small intestine
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What is paralytic ileus? What do you see on a radiograph?
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Peristalsis ceases
Radiography: generalized small intestine dilation |
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What are some causes of paralytic ileus?
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Enteritis (e.g. parvovirus)
Recent surgery Peritonitis Dysautonomia Spinal trauma |
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What will you see on a radiograph of a mechanical ileus?
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Usually focal dilation of a bowel segment, can be extensive if the process has been going on for a long time
-Paralytic=generalized lesion |
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What are the clinical signs of a proximal or high obstruction (duodenm, proximal jejunum)?
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-*Acute, severe vomiting
-Metabolic alkalosis early (loss of HCl) -Death in 3-4 days (severe hypovolemia) |
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What are the clinical signs of a mechanical obstruction of the distal or low obstruction (distal jejunum or ileum)?
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-Slow onset, intermittent vomiting
-Less severe fluid loss (partial reabsorption in non-distended loops) -Metabolic acidosis -Death in 5-7 days (Toxemia) |
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Where do linear foreign objects get fixed in a dog? Cat?
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Dog=pylorus
Cat=tongue |
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True or false. Linear foreign objects are nearly twice as fatal in cats than in dogs.
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False, twice as fatal in dogs than cats because more severe bowel laceration and ingest fabric & plastic
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In 25% cases of linear foreign object ingestion, 25% develop concurrent ___________.
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Intusussception
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How do radiographs of linear foreign bodies appear?
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Causes a "clover-like" and "bunched-up" appearance of the small intestine
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What animals commonly get intussusception?
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Puppies and kittens (often parasite induced)
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What are 5 common causes of intussusception?
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1) Idiopathic
2) Intestinal parasites 3) Viral enteritis 4) Surgery 5) Intestinal mass |
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True or false. You can rarely assess gastric and never bowel wall thickness with a plain abdominal radiograph.
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True
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What contrast media is commonly used for GI studies?
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Barium sulfate suspension
DO NOT USE IF THERE'S PERFORATION-can cause granulomas if touches peritoneum that can develop into neoplasia |
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What contrast media is used for GI studies where there's a perforated bowel?
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Organic iodine preparations
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What is the benefit of barium and downside of organic iodine preparations?
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Barium: coats the gastric mucosa very well so can visualize mucosa
Iodines: don't coat mucosa nearly as well so can't see as well, but can use w/ perforation or blockage because eliminated by kidneys |
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What views should be taken and when with GI contrast studies?
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VD, DV and both laterals immediately after contrast and 15, 30 and 60 min
-then do VD and lateral at hourly intervals until barium reaches distal colon |
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What is the best sedative to use in a dog & cat for a GI contrast study, if absolutely necessary?
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Dog: acepromazine
Cats: ketamine/valium |
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What is a variation of the small intestine that is normal in cats but abnormal in dogs? What about in dogs that's not normal in cats?
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Cats: "bead-like" segments
Dogs: duodenum "pseudo ulcer" appearance (actually Peyer's patches) |
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What is the technique for a barium enema?
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-24 h fast and enemas if needed
-Barium sulfate suspension -Foley catheter and large syringe |
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True or false. The pancreas is radiographically invisible.
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True
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The pancreatic mass effect affects what 2 organs?
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B/w pylorus and proximal descending duodenum
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What does the pancreas displace with enlargement?
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Caudal displacement of the transverse colon
-Transverse colon may appear irregular if due to pancreatitis |
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What are 4 differentials for a pancreatic enlargement?
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1) Pancreatitis
2) Neoplasia 3) Abscess 4) Cyst |
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What is your diagnosis if you see a loss of serosal detail that starts in the cranial abdomen?
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Pancreatitis-get inflammation of peripancreatic tissue, resulting in swelling--> loss of serosal detail
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What are the 3 possible radiographic appearances of pancreatitis?
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1) Normal
2) Focal peritonitis 3) May be generalized if severe |
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Where is the right and left limb of the pancreas located?
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Right: Medial and slightly dorsal of the descending duodenum
Left: in the mesentery and "runs" from right to left in the cranial abdomen along the greater curvature of the stomach. Ends in the area of the hilus of the spleen or the cranial pole of the left kidney |
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Describe the echogenicity of a normal pancreas and abnormal pancreas.
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Isoechoic w/ surrounding mesentery
Isoechoic or hyperechoic w/ liver Less echogenic to the spleen -Abnormal pancreas is hypoechogenic |
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What are the 5 clinical signs of a disease of the esophagus?
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1) Regurgitation
2) Dysphagia 3) Halitosis (bad breath) 4) Hypersalivation 5) Weight loss *Ask owner what "puke" looked like |
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True or false. A normal esophagus is apparent on a radiograph.
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False, usually not seen, should be collapsed; sometimes small amounts of gas (aerophagia)
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What are the 2 sphincters of the esophagus?
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1) Cricopharyngeal
2) Gastroesophageal |
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What part of the body should be radiograped to survey the esophagus?
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Caudal pharynx to cranial abdomen
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What will you see on a normal esophagram?
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-No significant contrast
-Dog-longitudinal folds -Cat-"fishbone pattern" due to longitudinal and oblique folds |
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What contrast media can be used for an esophagram?
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Barium sulfate suspension or barium paste
-If do not suspect perforation or bronchoesophageal fistula -Barium paste provide better coating -X-ray immediately! |
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What causes decreased opacity of the esophagus?
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Gas
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What are 4 causes to increased opacity of the esophagus?
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1) Foreign material
2) Granuloma 3) Neoplasia 4) Fluid/food |
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What is the pathogenesis of generalized megaesophagus?
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Neuromuscular
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*What are the 4 differentials for generalized megaesophagus?
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1) Myasthenia gravis
2) Autoimmune neuritis or myositis 3) Recent anesthesia and generalized weakness of patient 4) Toxicity |
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What are 2 pathogeneses for segmental enlargement of the esophagus?
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Diverticle
Neoplasia (most often secondary to spirocerca lupi) |
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What are 2 causes of a diverticle that results in segmental enlargement of the esophagus?
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1) Normal segmental dilation due to aerophagia
2) Vascular ring anomaly -Persistent right fourth aortic arch is most common; usually cranial to the heart base |
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Where is the trachea and esophagus located in reference to the aorta and pulmonary artery normally? With a persistent right aortic arch?
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Normal: trachea & esophagus are to right of aorta
PRAA: trachea and esophagus are between aorta and pulmonary artery w/ ligament connecting that compresses esophagus |
