Radiation Safety

Front 1

Ionizing Radiation

Back 1

Particles (or photons) with enough energy to remove electrons of molecule with which they interact.

Front 2

Alpha Particle

Back 2

Helium nucleus
Largest radiation particle
Stopped by the skin
Significant internal hazard
QF=20

Front 3

Beta Particle

Back 3

High speed electrons
Released in decay of neutron
QF=1

Front 4

Gamma

Back 4

Electromagnetic radiation
Gamma rays will continue through any medium until they encounter an atom

Front 5

Amount U.S. radiation workers are allowed whole body dose

Back 5

5 rem/yr.

Front 6

Total Dose

Back 6

TD = dose rate x time

Front 7

Half value layer

Back 7

The thickness of a material that attenuates half the photons entering the material.

Front 8

Shielding for Alpha

Back 8

Plastic or glass are preferred.
No lead.

Front 9

Bremsstrahlung radiation

Back 9

Beta particles hitting atoms with high atomic number and creating x rays.

Front 10

Nonionizing radiation

Back 10

Electromagnetic radiation with insufficient energy to ionize water.

Front 11

Nonionizing radiation wavelength

Back 11

Greater than 100 nm.

Front 12

UV Radiation sources

Back 12

sun, arc welding, lasers, mercury lamps

Front 13

UV-A

Back 13

400-300 nm
Pigmentation of the skin

Front 14

UV-B

Back 14

320-280 nm.
Erythemal region.
Most harmful.
Cornea and skin.

Front 15

UV-C

Back 15

280-220 nm.
Bacterial and germicidal effect.

Front 16

Ozone generation

Back 16

Produced by UV at wavelengths below 250 nm.

Front 17

Infrared radiation sources

Back 17

Thermal. (furnaces, welding, lasers, incandescent bulbs)

Front 18

IR-A

Back 18

0.75-2.5 nm
Penetrates skin to some extent.
Penetrates eye to retina.

Front 19

IR-B

Back 19

2.5-5 nm
Almost completely absorbed by the upper layers of skin and eye.

Front 20

IR-C or far infrared

Back 20

5-300 nm
Thermal burns on skin and cornea.
Cataracts.

Front 21

Microwaves

Back 21

Thermal hazards.

Front 22

RF

Back 22

Deep body heating, cataracts, reproductive effects, immune system, endocrine.
Measure with: Dipole antenna and loop antenna.

Front 23

Class 1 Lasers

Back 23

Low power and risk.

Front 24

Class 2 Lasers

Back 24

Visual system, low power/risk.
No staring into beam of retinal damage may occur.

Front 25

Class 3 Laser

Back 25

Medium power and risk.
Limit eye exposure.
Can cause damage if viewed directly.

Front 26

Class 4 Laser

Back 26

High power and high risk.
Risk from reflected beam.

Front 27

Ruby (pulsed) Laser

Back 27

694 Wavelength
Visible red

Front 28

Helium cadmium laser

Back 28

325 UV and
442 visible violet.

Front 29

Argon laser

Back 29

488 and 515
Visible blue green

Front 30

Carbon Dioxide-nitrogen laser

Back 30

10600
IR

Front 31

Gallium-arsenide laser

Back 31

900
near IR

Front 32

Duty Cycle

Back 32

Fraction of time per second that laser is operating.
Duty Cycle=Pulse rate x duration.

Front 33

Laser controls

Back 33

Shielding to reflect - Mirror
Shielding to absorb - Water
Restrict access
Increase distance to source
Limit time of exposure
Use less hazardous radiation

Front 34

Shielding beta

Back 34

Skin or paper

Front 35

Shielding beta

Back 35

Use something of atomic number 13 or less.
Not lead.

Front 36

Ionizing radiation PEL

Back 36

5 rem per year.

Front 37

NRC radiation exposure limits

Back 37

1.25 whole body per quarter/
8.75 hands, feet, forearm per quarter.
0.5 skin per quarter.

Front 38

X-ray and Gamma detector

Back 38

Ionization chamber

Front 39

Alpha & Beta detector

Back 39

Gas proportional counter.

Front 40

Detect Alpha, Beta, Gamma,

Back 40

Geiger-Muller meter.

Front 41

Curie

Back 41

Unit of activity

Front 42

Types of lasers

Back 42

Helium Cadmium-325UV & 442 visible violet.
Argon-488 & 515 visible blue-green.
Helium Neon-633nm visible red.
Ruby - 694nm visible red.
Gallium Arsenide-900nm
CarbonDioxide Nitrogen-10600nm

Front 43

Wavelengths

Back 43

UV: 200nm-400nm
Visible: 400nm-700nm
IR: 700nm-1400nm