Radiation Safety

Front 1

Thermionic emission

Back 1

Heating of the filament to the point that electrons boil off it’s surface.

Front 2

The step-down transformer is responsible for ____ that takes place on the ____.

Back 2

Thermionic emission; filament of the cathode end.

Front 3

High electrical potential refers to...

Back 3

The voltage

Front 4

____ is produced as a result of high speed electrons bombarding the tungsten target (Affective focal spot) or anode.

Back 4

X-radiation

Front 5

____ and ____ make up the cathode.

Back 5

Filament; focusing cup

Front 6

The focusing cup is typically made of ____.

Back 6

Molybdenum or nickel

Front 7

The filament is made up of ___.

Back 7

Thoriated tungsten

Front 8

Where is the conversion site of high speed electrons occur?

Back 8

Tungsten target (affective focal spot) of the anode

Front 9

The formula to determine an electrons valence number is ___.

Back 9

2n^2

Front 10

Ionization

Back 10

Occurs when an energy source contains sufficient energy to REMOVE AN ELECTRON FROM ONE OF THE ORBITAL SHELLS.

Front 11

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

Back 11

High speed projectile electron interacts with the electrostatic charge of the target (tungsten) nucleus.

Front 12

Bremsstrahlung radiation undergoes ____.

Back 12

The momentum effect: slows down, changes direction, and loses some of its energy.

Front 13

Characteristic radiation

Back 13

High speed projectile electron interact with tungsten target atom by ejecting an inner shell electron and ionizing the atom. This k-shell vacancy may be filled by and outer shell electron (L,M,N,O, or P).

Front 14

The process of filling the k-shell vacancy results in the emission of a ______.

Back 14

Characteristic xray photon

Front 15

The energy of the characteristic xray photon is equal to ____

Back 15

The difference between the electron binding energies of the orbiting shell that contained the k-shell electron and the orbital shell that filled the vacancy.

Front 16

Characteristic Radiation needs ____ to happen.

Back 16

70 kev or above

Front 17

X-ray emission spectrum

Back 17

Maintains frequency

Front 18

Velocity (speed) is a ____

Back 18

constant factor.

Front 19

These interactions result in ____ and ____.

Back 19

99% heat (thermal energy) and 1% xray (electromagnetic energy)

Front 20

What is the speed of light?

Back 20

186,000 m/s (3x10^8)

Front 21

X-ray photons move at the?

Back 21

Speed of light or not at all.

Front 22

Frequency

Back 22

The rate of rise and fall (oscillation) of the electromagnetic photon and is measured in the unit of Hertz (Htz.)

Front 23

Wavelength (^)

Back 23

Is the distance between two successive peaks of an electromagnetic photon.

Front 24

Wavelength and frequency are __.

Back 24

inversely proportional

Front 25

Wavelength and energy are ___.

Back 25

Inversely proportional

Front 26

Frequency and energy are ____.

Back 26

Directly proportional

Front 27

Photon (quantum)

Back 27

Smallest bit of electromagnetic energy.

Front 28

X-ray is a form of ___________.

Back 28

Electromagnetic energy on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Front 29

Other forms of radiation such as ____ and _____, travel in particles —- _________

Back 29

Alpha and beta; particulate radiation.

Front 30

Atom

Back 30

Smallest subdivision of an element that maintains all the physical and chemical properties of the element.

Front 31

Quality is associated with ____, ___, _____, and _______.

Back 31

Energy, kvp, penetration, and wavelength.

Front 32

Quantity is associated with ___, ___, _____, and ____.

Back 32

Intensity, mas, rate, pt dose.

Front 33

Filtration results in

Back 33

Increase in quality and decrease in quantity.

Front 34

Filtration is measured in

Back 34

Half-value layer.

Front 35

Half value layer

Back 35

Thickness of an absorbing material required to reduce xray intensity by one-half its original value.

Front 36

The only technical factors that can affect HVL are ___ and ____.

Back 36

Kvp; filtration

Front 37

X-ray quantity is _____

Back 37

Indirectly proportional to distance.

Front 38

Primary radiation (AKA useful radiation)

Back 38

Consists of the xray photons directed through the ray tubes window port in a direction towards the patient.

Front 39

Secondary radiation

Back 39

Radiation that is emitted from atoms of matter after an xray photon from the primary beam interacts with matter

Front 40

Remnant radiation

Back 40

Also known as exit radiation, is the portion of attenuated xray beam that emerges from the patient and interacts with the image receptor.

Front 41

Atomic Number (Z)

Back 41

Equals the number of protons in the nucleus.

Front 42

Remnant xray beam

Back 42

The image forming beam (exist radiation)

Front 43

Attenuation

Back 43

The progressive absorption of the xray beam as it passes through matter.

Front 44

Xrays

Back 44

Packets of energy that travel in wave form

Front 45

Xrays are _____ and _____.

Back 45

Heterogeneous and polyenergetic — have a wide variety of wavelengths and energies.

Front 46

Xrays can produce ___ and ____ radiation.

Back 46

Secondary and scatter

Front 47

Xrays contains no ___ and ___.

Back 47

Mass ; electrical charge

Front 48

Xrays are highly ___, ___ that are a form of ______

Back 48

Penetrating, invisible; electromagnetic radiation.

Front 49

Every time an xray photon gets scattered it will leave with ____.

Back 49

1/100 intensity

Front 50

The biggest source of scatter radiation?

Back 50

The patient

Front 51

The # of times an xray photon can be scattered is?

Back 51

2 times

Front 52

Atomic Mass (A)

Back 52

Equals the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Front 53

At what angle will a tech receive the least amount of radiation during fluoro?

Back 53

90 degrees, right angle, and perpendicular to the source

Front 54

Incident x-ray photon (primary beam photon) interact with an ___ of a target atom and removes the electron. This is also where the Compton effect takes place.

Back 54

Outer shell electron

Front 55

Compton effect

Back 55

Partial absorption of the incident photon.

Front 56

Compton interaction can be ____, resulting in degradation of image contrast; _____, resulting in occupational exposure; or ____, resulting in patient exposure.

Back 56

Forward scattering, side scatter, backscattering

Front 57

First orbital shell of an electrons is know as the ____.

Back 57

K shell. Then it’s the L-shell followed by the M-Shell

Front 58

Electrons are held in their shell by _____.

Back 58

electron binding energy (ebe)

Front 59

Strength of an electron is dependent on ___ and ____.

Back 59

Location of the electron (the closer to the nucleus the stronger the ebe) and the complexity of the atom (the higher Z the stronger its ebe)

Front 60

69.53 kev is the ebe of ____.

Back 60

The k-shell of tungsten.

Front 61

Outermost shell number of electrons is called ___. And never exceeds ___.

Back 61

Valence number; 8

Front 62

Where is the conversion site of high speed electrons occur?

Back 62

Tungsten target (affective focal spot) of the anode

Front 63

Damage to the lens occurs?

Back 63

On the posterior pole of the lens.

Front 64

Damage to the eye follows?

Back 64

Non-linear threshold (non-stochastic) relationship.

Front 65

Thyroid follows a?

Back 65

Linear, nonthreshold dose (stochastic) relationship.

Front 66

Breast follows a

Back 66

Linear nonthreshold dose (stochastic) relationship

Front 67

Bone marrow follows a

Back 67

Follows a linear, threshold dose relationship.

Front 68

Cytopenia

Back 68

Depression of all cell counts.

Front 69

Skin follows a

Back 69

Threshold (non-stochastic) dose relationship.

Front 70

Erythema

Back 70

Reddening of the skin

Front 71

Epilation or alepecia

Back 71

Hair loss

Front 72

Epitaxis

Back 72

Nose bleed

Front 73

The formula to determine an electrons valence number is ___.

Back 73

2n^2

Front 74

The amount of radiation is takes to sterilize a male is ____.

Back 74

5-6 gy

Front 75

To convert gy to rad

Back 75

Times it by 100

Front 76

Local somatic effects

Back 76

Effects that are limited to the exposed individual and the specific area of exposure only.

Front 77

General somatic effects

Back 77

Effects that are limited to the exposed individual but the repose of radiation effects to the entire body, not just the exposure site.

Front 78

Ten day rule

Back 78

Radiation exposure to female patients within the child bearing age should be limited to a period of time within ten days following the ONSET of menstration.

Front 79

Rules of holding

Back 79

1) worker never holds

2) male will hold before female

3) non occupational out of childbearing age.

Front 80

Children are sensitive to radiation for the following reasons:

Back 80

1) Peds cells reproduce frequently

2) longer life expectancy therefore giving more time for long-term somatic effects to develop.

3) due to their smaller size more of their body gets exposed during the exam.

Front 81

Hemopoetic syndrome (bone marrow syndrome)

Back 81

Occurs with exposure doses ranging between 1-10 gy to the whole body. Death occurs in 3-6 weeks.

Front 82

Gastrointestinal syndrome

Back 82

Requires 10-50 gy. Death occurs in one week.

Front 83

Central Nervous System Syndrome

Back 83

Occurs with exposure over 50 gy. Death occurs within hours or days.

Front 84

Ionization

Back 84

Occurs when an energy source contains sufficient energy to REMOVE AN ELECTRON FROM ONE OF THE ORBITAL SHELLS.

Front 85

Genetic Significant Dose (GSD)

Back 85

The dose, which if delivered to every member of the population, would be expected to yield the same total genetic injury as the actual doses received by the various individuals.

Front 86

Rationale for use of gonadal shielding.

Back 86

God nasal shields should be used anytime the gonads are within 5 cm of the primary beam.

Front 87

Filtration removes ______ from the xray beam.

Back 87

Low energy, non-diagnostic xray photons.

Front 88

Filtration makes primary purpose is to _______.

Back 88

Reduce entrance skin exposure to the patient.

Front 89

With use of a grid you get a _____

Back 89

High rate of exposure.

Front 90

The air gap technique ______

Back 90

Increases contrast

Front 91

Pulses radiography ______

Back 91

Decreases patient exposure.

Front 92

Fluoroscopy time

Back 92

must be measured by a 5 minute cumulative timer.

Front 93

ABC or AERC allows the viewer to _____

Back 93

Select an image brightness level that is maintained automatically by varying the kvp, mA, or sometimes both.

Front 94

C-arm minimum source to collimator assembly distance is _____

Back 94

12 inches (15 for fixed units)

Front 95

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

Back 95

High speed projectile electron interacts with the electrostatic charge of the target (tungsten) nucleus.

Front 96

Portable machine has a cord that extends ________ for safe exposure.

Back 96

6ft, 72 inches, 180 cm, 2 meters.

Front 97

Medical image’s principle of radiation protection is based on _______.

Back 97

Non-threshold linear dose relationship. (No safe dose)

Front 98

Natural sources of radiation:

Back 98

Radon, cosmic, and terrestrial

Front 99

Artificial (man-made) sources of radiation:

Back 99

Medical imaging, which are the largest source of man-made radiation.

Front 100

Radon gas is _____

Back 100

The largest source of natural radiation.

Front 101

Cardinal rules are:

Back 101

Time, Distance, Shielding

Front 102

Lead aprons & thyroid shield:

Back 102

0.5 mmPb

Front 103

Gloves:

Back 103

0.25 mm Pb

Front 104

Bucky slot cover:

Back 104

0.25 mm Pb

Front 105

Portable shield:

Back 105

0.25 mm Pb

Front 106

Bremsstrahlung radiation undergoes ____.

Back 106

The momentum effect: slows down, changes direction, and loses some of its energy.

Front 107

Primary protective barriers are:

Back 107

1) surfaces that can be struck by beam.

2) barriers perpendicular to the beam.

3) require 1/16 inch Pb equivalent.

Front 108

Occupancy factors (T) controlled area

Back 108

Area occupied by radiation workers; exposure rate must be no greater than 100 mR/week

Front 109

Occupational factor (T) uncontrolled area

Back 109

Area, such as halls, restrooms, or waiting rooms, occupied by anyone; exposure rate must be no greater than 10 mR/week.

Front 110

Secondary protective barriers:

Back 110

Barriers located parallel to the beam and requires 1/32 Pb equivalent.

1/2 inch of the secondary barrier must overlap the primary beam barrier where the two meet.

Front 111

M on reports stands for?

Back 111

Minimal - below the level of detection

Front 112

Film badge

Back 112

Relies on the ability of ionizing radiation to effect a density change on the film emulsion. Provides archival record.

Front 113

Thermolumunescent dosimeter (TLD)

Back 113

The functional component is lithium fluoride. The light spectrum chip yields will change with changing levels of energy absorbed by the chip.

Front 114

Pocket dosimeter

Back 114

Gives immediate feedback, but also gives false positives. Rely on the ability of ionizing radiation to ionize a gas within a sealed chamber resulting in a change of a charged electrode.

Front 115

Optically stimulated luminesent dosimeter (OSLD)

Back 115

Utilizes an aluminum oxide dosimeter. Laser light reads the sensing material. Made of aluminum, tin, copper. Gives archival record.

Front 116

Occupational exposure should never exceed ______ annually.

Back 116

5 rem (50msv)

Front 117

Characteristic radiation

Back 117

High speed projectile electron interact with tungsten target atom by ejecting an inner shell electron and ionizing the atom. This k-shell vacancy may be filled by and outer shell electron (L,M,N,O, or P).

Front 118

Cumulative effect limit formula

Back 118

1 rem x age in years

Front 119

Embryo/fetus exposure

Back 119

5 Msv for the ENTIRE gestational period and 0.5 msv per month during the gestational period.

Front 120

Stochastic (probabilistic) effects

Back 120

These are “all or nothing” effects—- non-threshold.

Front 121

Stochastic example

Back 121

Prenatal death due to radiation exposure delivered during first trimester.

Front 122

Non-stochastic (deterministic) effects

Back 122

Exhibit the existence of threshold. (Effect not observed with low doses)

Front 123

Non-stochastic example

Back 123

Erythema at the site of radiation therapy field. As the amount of radiation increases the severity of the skin reddening increases.

Front 124

The process of filling the k-shell vacancy results in the emission of a ______.

Back 124

Characteristic xray photon

Front 125

The energy of the characteristic xray photon is equal to ____

Back 125

The difference between the electron binding energies of the orbiting shell that contained the k-shell electron and the orbital shell that filled the vacancy.

Front 126

Characteristic Radiation needs ____ to happen.

Back 126

70 kev or above

Front 127

X-ray emission spectrum

Back 127

Maintains frequency

Front 128

Velocity (speed) is a ____

Back 128

constant factor.

Front 129

These interactions result in ____ and ____.

Back 129

99% heat (thermal energy) and 1% xray (electromagnetic energy)

Front 130

What is the speed of light?

Back 130

186,000 m/s (3x10^8)

Front 131

X-ray photons move at the?

Back 131

Speed of light or not at all.

Front 132

Frequency

Back 132

The rate of rise and fall (oscillation) of the electromagnetic photon and is measured in the unit of Hertz (Htz.)

Front 133

Wavelength (^)

Back 133

Is the distance between two successive peaks of an electromagnetic photon.

Front 134

Wavelength and frequency are __.

Back 134

inversely proportional

Front 135

Wavelength and energy are ___.

Back 135

Inversely proportional

Front 136

Frequency and energy are ____.

Back 136

Directly proportional

Front 137

Photon (quantum)

Back 137

Smallest bit of electromagnetic energy.

Front 138

X-ray is a form of ___________.

Back 138

Electromagnetic energy on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Front 139

Other forms of radiation such as ____ and _____, travel in particles —- _________

Back 139

Alpha and beta; particulate radiation.

Front 140

Atom

Back 140

Smallest subdivision of an element that maintains all the physical and chemical properties of the element.

Front 141

Quality is associated with ____, ___, _____, and _______.

Back 141

Energy, kvp, penetration, and wavelength.

Front 142

Quantity is associated with ___, ___, _____, and ____.

Back 142

Intensity, mas, rate, pt dose.

Front 143

Filtration results in

Back 143

Increase in quality and decrease in quantity.

Front 144

Filtration is measured in

Back 144

Half-value layer.

Front 145

Half value layer

Back 145

Thickness of an absorbing material required to reduce xray intensity by one-half its original value.

Front 146

The only technical factors that can affect HVL are ___ and ____.

Back 146

Kvp; filtration

Front 147

X-ray quantity is _____

Back 147

Indirectly proportional to distance.

Front 148

Primary radiation (AKA useful radiation)

Back 148

Consists of the xray photons directed through the ray tubes window port in a direction towards the patient.

Front 149

Secondary radiation

Back 149

Radiation that is emitted from atoms of matter after an xray photon from the primary beam interacts with matter

Front 150

Remnant radiation

Back 150

Also known as exit radiation, is the portion of attenuated xray beam that emerges from the patient and interacts with the image receptor.

Front 151

Atomic Number (Z)

Back 151

Equals the number of protons in the nucleus.

Front 152

Remnant xray beam

Back 152

The image forming beam (exist radiation)

Front 153

Attenuation

Back 153

The progressive absorption of the xray beam as it passes through matter.

Front 154

Xrays

Back 154

Packets of energy that travel in wave form

Front 155

Xrays are _____ and _____.

Back 155

Heterogeneous and polyenergetic — have a wide variety of wavelengths and energies.

Front 156

Xrays can produce ___ and ____ radiation.

Back 156

Secondary and scatter

Front 157

Xrays contains no ___ and ___.

Back 157

Mass ; electrical charge

Front 158

Xrays are highly ___, ___ that are a form of ______

Back 158

Penetrating, invisible; electromagnetic radiation.

Front 159

Every time an xray photon get scattered is will leave with ____.

Back 159

1/100 intensity

Front 160

The biggest source of scatter radiation?

Back 160

The patient

Front 161

The # of times an xray photon can be scattered is?

Back 161

2 times

Front 162

Atomic Mass (A)

Back 162

Equals the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Front 163

At what angle will a tech receive the least amount of radiation during fluoro?

Back 163

90 degrees, right angle, and perpendicular to the source

Front 164

Incident x-ray photon (primary beam photon) interact with an ___ of a target atom and removes the electron. This is also where the Compton effect takes place.

Back 164

Outer shell electron

Front 165

Compton effect

Back 165

Partial absorption of the incident photon.

Front 166

Compton interaction can be ____, resulting in degradation of image contrast; _____, resulting in occupational exposure; or ____, resulting in patient exposure.

Back 166

Forward scattering, side scatter, backscattering

Front 167

An incident xray photon interact with the _____ and removes the electron.

Back 167

Inner k-shell electron of a target atom.

Front 168

All of the remaining energy of the incident photon is transferred to the ____.

Back 168

Ejected electron (photo electron). (Post absorption)

Front 169

What is the primary source of patient radiation exposure?

Back 169

Photoelectric interaction

Front 170

Photoelectric absorption is responsible for ____.

Back 170

Patient dose effect RBE.

Front 171

Incident xray photon interacts with _____ and excites _____.

Back 171

A target atom; the atom.

Front 172

In coherent scatter no _____ and no ____ takes place.

Back 172

Orbital electrons are ejected; ionization

Front 173

First orbital shell of an electrons is know as the ____.

Back 173

K shell. Then it’s the L-shell followed by the M-Shell

Front 174

Mass density

Back 174

Thickness of a body part.

Front 175

As atomic number of tissue increases,

Back 175

Attenuation increases.

Front 176

As the atomic number of tissue increases,

Back 176

The probability of photoelectric increases with no change in the number of Compton interactions; decreased xray transmission. (basically, it has no affect on Compton scatter)

Front 177

Unit for absorbed dose

Back 177

RAD

Front 178

Unit for dose equivalent

Back 178

REM

Front 179

Absorbed dose

Back 179

Determines the amount of energy from the xray beam that is transferred to the absorbing object.

Front 180

Dose equivalent

Back 180

Measurement of the biologic effectiveness of radiation.

Front 181

Unit for exposure

Back 181

Roentgen

Front 182

Exposure (roentgen)

Back 182

The unit of radiation exposure that will yield 258x10^-4 coulombs per kilogram of air.

Front 183

Non-threshold

Back 183

Any given amount of radiation will yield some measurable effect.

Front 184

Electrons are held in their shell by _____.

Back 184

electron binding energy (ebe)

Front 185

Threshold

Back 185

Some amount of radiation is required before a measurable effect can be detected.

Front 186

Linear

Back 186

An observed response is directly proportional to the dose.

Front 187

Curvilinear (non-linear)

Back 187

An observed response is not directly proportional to the dose.

Front 188

Law of Bergonie and Tribindeau

Back 188

Cell radio-sensitivity is affected by: mitotic activity, maturity, and degree of specificity.

Front 189

Mitotic activity

Back 189

Radio-sensitivity increases with mitotic activity.

Front 190

Maturity

Back 190

The more mature a cell the more sensitive. (Nerve, muscle, stem cell (intestinal crypt), lymphocyte.

Front 191

What is the most radio-sensitive cell in the body?

Back 191

Lymphocyte

Front 192

Degree of specificity

Back 192

Radio-sensitivity decreases with increased specificity (specialization)

Front 193

LET

Back 193

The rate of energy deposited per unit length track through an absorber. (Amount of radiation that is transferred to the body as the X-ray beams travels through the body)

Front 194

LET and ___ are ____.

Back 194

Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) ; directly proportional.

Front 195

Strength of an electron is dependent on ___ and ____.

Back 195

Location of the electron (the closer to the nucleus the stronger the ebe) and the complexity of the atom (the higher Z the stronger its ebe)

Front 196

Oxygen effect

Back 196

The ability of aerobic conditions to enhance the effectiveness of radiation (the more O2 the more sensitive)

Front 197

Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)

Back 197

Ability to produce biologic damage

Front 198

Diagnostic x-rays are considered _____

Back 198

Low LET radiation.

Front 199

LD^50 stands for?

Back 199

Lethal dose^50% of the population.

Front 200

Fractionation

Back 200

Equal dose of radiation that are delivered with time interval separations.

Front 201

Protractionation

Back 201

Radiation dose that is delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate.

Front 202

Radiolysis

Back 202

Radiation interaction with water. Radiation is indirectly proportional to the cause of RBE. A vast majority of radiation damage to the body is caused by the indirect action of radiation interacting with the water in a cell.

Front 203

Metaphase is

Back 203

The most radiosensitive phase.

Front 204

Interphase death (Apoptosis)

Back 204

Cell dies without attempting to divide.

Front 205

Mitosis

Back 205

Cell division

Front 206

69.53 kev is the ebe of ____.

Back 206

The k-shell of tungsten.

Front 207

Meiosis

Back 207

Division of a germ (sex) cell

Front 208

Mitotic (genetic) death

Back 208

Cell goes through one or more mitotic phases and then dies.

Front 209

Mitotic delay

Back 209

Caused by as little as 01. Gy or 10 mgy. Mitotic activity resumes after a short delay.

Front 210

Reproductive failure

Back 210

Cell does not die as a result of radiation exposure, but loses it’s ability to procreate. Can result from 1-100 gy exposure.

Front 211

Somatic effects

Back 211

Somatic effects are those that are limited to the exposed population.

Front 212

Long term somatic effect

Back 212

Are those that occur years after exposure. (Cancer, cataracts)

Front 213

Short term somatic effects

Back 213

Are those that occur relatively soon after exposure - minutes, hours, days, weeks. (Epilating, nausea, vomiting, erythema, and fatigue.)

Front 214

Acute exposure

Back 214

More harmful than chronic. Large dose delivered over a short period of time.

Front 215

Chronic exposure

Back 215

We, as techs, receive this. Radiation delivered in small increments over a long period of time. .01 gy or 10 mgy = 10 days of life span shortening.

Front 216

Most light sensitive part of the eye?

Back 216

Lens

Front 217

Outermost shell number of electrons is called ___. And never exceeds ___.

Back 217

Valence number; 8