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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protective eye glasses with optically clear lenses should contain a minimum lead equivalence of how much?
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.35 millimeters of lead
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is_______ is the radiation out put weighted time,during the week, that the x-ray is actually delivering radiation: control design, occupancy, work load, or use factor
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"workload
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To ensure that life time risks of occupationally exposed persons remains acceptable the life time effective dose in milliseiverts should not exceed ________. Is it: 20, 10, 5x
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10x the occupationally exposed person's age in years
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Secondary radiation includes what two factors? Leakage, scatter or primary or what combo
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Leakage and scatter
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Who should determine the exact shielding requirements for a particular imaging facility? Is it: radiographer, medical physicist, radiologist, or administrator
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Medical physicist
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When doors to radiographic and fluoro rooms are closed during radiation exposure a substantial degree of protection is provided for persons in areas adjacent to the room door,this is because in most facilities most room doors have attenuation for diagnostic energy x-ray equivalent to that of _______inches of lead
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"1/32 of an inch
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When the time spent in higher radiation areas are reduced, occupational exposure is: also reduced, increased slightly, or remains the same
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also reduced
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Diagnostic imaging personel recieve the highest occupational exposure during which of the following procedures: special procedures, Fluoroscopic procedures , Mobile radiography or what combo
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All are correct
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If the peak energy of the x-ray beams is 100 kV a protective lead apron must have how much lead in it?
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.5mm of lead
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For C-arm devices with similar fields of view the dose rate to personel located within a meter of the patient is _____: comparable to that of routine fluoro, Far greater than that of the dose of routine fluoro , comparable to that of high level control fluoro
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comparable to that of routine fluoro
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If the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversly proportional to the square of the distance from the source , how does the intensity of the x-ray beam change when the distance from the source of radiation is tripled: increased by a factor of 9, increased by a factor of 3, decreases by a factor of 9, or decreases by a factor of 3
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decreases by a factor of 9
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What is term for the proportional amount of time during which the x-ray beam is energized and directed toward a particular barrier: distance factor, use factor, workload factor, occupancy factor
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use factor
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the maximum weekly permitted equivalent dose for a controlled area most not exceed : 2 mSv, 20 mSv, 100 mSv, 1000 mSv
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"1000 mSv (micro sevierts) or 100 mrems
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When a radiologic technologist declares her pregnancy to her employer which of the following is appropriate?
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She continues to perform duties w/o interruption of employment provided that she has received radiation safety counseling and follows established radiation safety practices
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Which parts of a diagnostic x-ray unit should a radiographer avoid touching while a radiographic exposure is in progress exposure switch, control panel, tube housing, collimator or high tension cables…
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Tube, collimator and high tension cables
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which of the following adjustments in technical exposure factors decreases the production of scatter radiation?
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decrease kV settings and increase the mAs
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During which of the following x-ray examinations should a radiographer always wear a thyroid shield: general diagnostic, digital, fluoro, special procedures or what combo
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fluoro, and special procedures
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While standing behind the control booth barrier a radiographer makes a radiographic exposure the x-ray scattered from the pt's body should ______.
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scatter a minimum of 2 times before reaching any area behind the control booth barrier
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Which of the following is another term for the use factor: workload factor, protective barrier thickness, consideration factor, beam direction factor
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beam direction factor
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The annual effective dose limit for individual members of the general population not occupationally exposed is ------- for continuous or frequent exposure from artificial sources other than medical irradiation and natural background and ------- for infequent annual exposure.
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.1 and .5
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A spot film device, protective curtain, or sliding panel with a minimum thickness of .25mm of lead equivalent should normally be positioned between the fluoroscopist and pt to intercept which of the following types of radiation?
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Scatter
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Which of the following x-ray procedures increases the radiographers risk of exposure to ionizing radiation: mobil C-arm, fluoro, interventional procedures tht employ high level control fluoro, mobile examination, what combination
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all
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is it: mean glandular dose, genetically significant dose, bone marrow dose, tissue tollerance dose"
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genetically significant dose
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In terms of occupational risk, radiography may be compared with the occupational risk associated with which of the following: a nuclear war, an exremely hazardous industry, other industries considered safe by the government
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other industries considered safe by the government
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Whenever scatter radiation decreases the radiographer's exposure?
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decreases
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The genetically significant dose for the population of the U.S. is about ______. Is it: 20 mrems, 40 mrems, 80 mrem, 100 mrem
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20 mrems
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In standard image intensification fluoro an x-ray beam HVL of 3-4 mm of aluminum is considered acceptable when peak voltage rages from: 50-60, 70-80, 80-100
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80-100kV
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Specific area shielding may be selected used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following: lense of the eyes, breast, extremities or what combo
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eyes and breast
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_____ are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly. Is it: molidium, molibdeum and rodium filters, lead impregnated filters, a sequence of aluminum impregnated filters, thermo-luminesent dosimeters
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thermoluminescent dosimeters
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When compared with the traditional material in front of the cassette , which is aluminum or cardboard, the cassette front containing a carbon fiber absorbs approximatly------------as much radiation resulting in ------------dose to the pt because ----------------radiograpgic techniques are required.
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"1/2 as much, lower, lower
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which of the following are considered to be benifits of a repeat analysis program ?
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all
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According to the ACR (american college of radiology) abdominal radiologic exams that have been requested after full consideration of a clinical status of a pt including a possibility of pregnancy should.....
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"according to the ACR,
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should not be postponed or selectivly scheduled"
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Which of the following types of filters should be used to provide uniform density when radiographing a foot in the dorsoplanter projection ?
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Wedge
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A radiographer uses a high speed rare-earth screen system with optimal technical exposure fators to obtain PA and LAT radiographs of a two yr old childs chest, to maximize reduction of radiographic exposure to the pt following adequate imobilization the radiographer should.....
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collimate the beam until it's smaller than the image recepter and shield the childs gonads
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Federal governments specifications recommend a minimum total filtration of ------- mm of aluminum equivalent fro stationary x-ray units.
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2.5 mm of aluminum
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which of the following types of gonadal shielding provide the best protection for a male pt when AP OBL and LAT projections are obtained?
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shaped contact shield
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when a fluoroscopic image is electronically amplified by an image intensification system which of the following benifits results?
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all
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Current federal standards limit entrance exposure rates of general purpose intensified fluoro units to a maximum of ____ Rads?
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10 Rads
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During a fluoro exam a resettable cumulative timing device times the xray beam on times sounds an audible alarm or temperarily interrupts the exposure after fluor is inactivated after what length of time?
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5 minutes
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When a pregnant patient must undergo a radiographic procedure which of the following practices will minimuze patient exposure?
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A & C: Adequate collimation AND technical exposure factors appropriate for the body part
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To visualize smaller & lower contrast objects during interventional procedures - high leel control fluoro uses exposure rates that are _______ than those normally used in routine fluoro?
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higher
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What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration?
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increase Beam Hardening - therefore reducing patient's skin dose & Dose to superficial tissues
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Which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors and filtration reduce patient radiation dose during a radiographic exam?
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"higher KV, Lower mAs, increased filtration
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Depending on the area of the body that is being examined with a fluoro image intensification system for adult patients; a range of _______ kV is generally used?
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75-110 KV
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During a mobile radiogaphic procedure to reduce the radiation exposure rate and therby the amont of radiation the patient receives the radiographer must use a minimum of source to skin distance of?
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12 inches
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Which of the following is not an xray beam limitation device?
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filter
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when the speed of a screen film system is doubled for example when changing from a 200 speed to a 400 speed system - patient radiation exposure is ______ by approximately what percent?
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decreased by 1/2 (50%)
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any radiograph that must be performed more than once because of human or mechanical error in the process of producing hte initial radiograph is known as?
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repeat radiograph
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what effect do repeat radiographs have on the radiation dose received by the patient?
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the patient's skin & gonads receive a double radiation dose
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sharper size restriction of the radiographic beam is achieved when the cone or cell is
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longer
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when using fluoro systems make sure the last image hold feature can....
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be an effective dose reduction technique
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determine the cumulative effective dose to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 34 years old
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340 miliseverts
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a radiation safety officer in health care facility must have sufficient authority an organizational freedome and management perogative to?____
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"all of the above:identify radiation safety problems, initiate, provide, recomment corrective action, and stop unsafe operation involving byproduct material
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to define ALARA healthcare facilities usually adopt investigation levels to find level 1 & level 2. In the US these levels are traditionally _______ to the _____ of the applicable regulatory standards.
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1/10 to 3/10
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Damage to the reproductive cells fo the human male/ female that are caused by radiation of the sperm and ova before conception is termed?
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muta genesis
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effective dose limits may be expressed for?
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"All of the above:whole body exposure, partial body exposure, and exposure individual organs
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Annual occupational effective dose limit (EFD) does NOT include?
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"A & B:personal medical radiation exposure from imaging procedure & natural background radiation
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Occassional exposure for the purpose of educational training is permitted provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of ____ is not exceeded.
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0.1 REM
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Determine the collective effective dose limit to the whole body of an occupational exposed person that is 52 years old
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52 REM
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the responsibiltiy of maintaining radiation monitoring records of all personell for providing counciling for individuals who receive monitoring in excess of the allowable limit belongs to the?
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radiation safety officer
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the ALARA concept presents extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between?
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ionizating radiation AND potential risk
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in general non-stochastic effects occur?
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only after large doses of radiation
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a cancer induced by 200 rads of ionizing radiation is compared with a cancer induced by 20 rads of ionizing radiation the cancer induced by the larger absorbed dose is no worse than the cancer induced by the smaller absorbed dose with a chance of cancer from the induction of the larger dose is??
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increased
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which of the followng are the responsibility of the health care facility's radiation safety officer?
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"ALL:assist in the development of a rad. safety program, provide guidance for radiation safety program, facilitate the ongoing operation of the rad. safety program
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the essential concept underlying radiation protection is?
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that any organ in the human body is suceptible to damage
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which of the following groups is run by government of Japan primarily to study Japanese atomic bomb survivors?
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radiation effects research foundation
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epidemiolgic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed enutero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose definate(?) increase in the instance of severe mental retardation fetal doses greater than....?
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0.4 severts (40 rem)
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determine the collective effective dose limits to the whole body of an occassional exposed person who is 46 years old
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460 ms (miliseverts)
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_____ exists that low level ionizing radiation causes statistically significant increase in threat of malignancy
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no conlusive proof
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the main function of the NRC is to...
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oversee nuclear industry
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the effetive dose limiting system supercedes???
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NPD system
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which of the following terms means random in nature?
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stochastic (sp?)
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when whole body occupational exposure is controlled by keeping the effective dose well below the upper boundary limit the possibility of inducing stochastic effects of radiation is?
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minimized
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which of the following agencies was preiously known as the atomic energy commission?
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NRC
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which of the follwing are functions and responsibilities of US OSHA administration?
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All of the above
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The hemopoetic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called: is it: cerebral vascular syndrome, bone marrow syndrome or auger syndrome
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bone marrow syndrome
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Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a sigmoid effect, quadratic effect or cumulative effect?
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cumulative effect
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The prodromal stage of ARS is also referred to as the latent period, manifest peroid or initial stage?
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initial stage
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Radiation response dose curves can be used to predict the risk on _________ in human populations that have been exposed to low levels of ioning radiation? Genetic effect, malignancies or cataract formation
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malignancies
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After 1986 the nuclear power station accident (Chernobyl) in an attempt to prevent thyroid cancer in children in Poland and other countires_________ was aministered?
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potassium iodide
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A radiation dose of .05 greys to .15 ( 5-15 rads) delivered to a human embryo during preimplantation stage of development results in which of the following? congenital abnormalities, embryonic death or microcephaly
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embryonic death
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Which of the following are classified as acute deterministic somatic effects of ionizing radiation? blood disorders, fever and genetic effects, male & female sterility or nausea, epilation and intestinal disorders
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nausea, epilation and intestinal disorders
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Which of the following groups of people exposed to ionizing radiation provide proof that low level radiation exposure produces late effects? Japanese atomic bomb survivors, atomic children in the Marshall islands, Chernobyl survivors or none of the above
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none of the above
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What do agents such as chemicals, elevated temperatures, ionizing radiation and viruses have in common? Nothing, or they can increase the frequency of mutations of populations that are already genetically impaired, or they are mutagens that may increase the frequency of the occurance of mutagens.
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mutagens that may increase the frequency of the occurance of mutagens
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Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following? Sperm of an adult male, ova of an adult female, somatic cells of male and female adults, or what combination?
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sperm of an adult male and ova of an adult female
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When a prediction is made that the # of excess cancers in a given population will increase as a natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing agent in a population the risk is described as what? excess, absolute or relative risk
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relative risk
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Existing data on radiation induced genetic effects in humans ...A. prove conclusively that radiation causes major genetic effects, B. are still inconclusive, C. prove conclusively that radiation causes only minor genetic effects
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B. are still inconclusive
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Mutations and genes in DNA that occur at random as natural phenomenon are called? sporatic mutations, spontaneous mutations or deterministic mutations
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spontaneous mutations
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In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation induced cancer not directly measurable? the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, all patients in diagnostic radiology subject to a radiation dose below 10 rems or the Chernobyl survivors?
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patients in diagnostic radiology subject to a dose below 10 rems
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Laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of? 50, 10 or 5 rads
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10 rads (.1 grey)
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Uranium miners in the Colorado plateau who developed lung cancer years after the exposure are an example of what? early deterministic somatic effects, late stochastic somatic effects or early genetic effects?
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late stochastic somatic effects
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The human body and incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to...phosphorous, potassium or calcium?
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calcium
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Of the following late somatic effects cause by exposure to ionizing radiation which effects are considered to be most important? formation of cataracts, birth defects or cancer?
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cancer
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For an accurate estimate of the number of radiation induced leukemia and other malignacies that occured in the Chernobyl incident the exposed population must be monitored for how long?
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be monitored for at least 30 years after the date of the incident
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Studies of Japanese bomb survivors demonstrate that the incidence of leukemia has_______ since the 1940's and early 1950's in the incident of solid tumors has continued to _______ since the late 1950's and 60's?
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slowy declined; escalate
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LD 50/30 means what?
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the whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days
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The following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome...carcinogenic syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome, or cerebrovascular symdrome?
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carcinogenic syndrome
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Radiation induced cataracts in humans follow a ___________ dose response relationship...linear threshold, non-linear threshold or non-linear non-threshold?
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non-linear threshold
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Revised atomic bomb data for Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggest that radiation incuded leukemia and sloid tumors occuring in the survivors may be attributed to exposure to which of the following...x-rays, gamma rays, or neutrons
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gamma rays
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The bone marrow cells that have not been exposed to ionizing radiation they can be....overpopulation and become resistant, repopulate after a period of recovery or become insensitive to future exposures?
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repopulate after a period of recovery
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Which of the following is a scavenger type of white blood cell that fights bacteria...thrombocytes, lymphocytes or granulocytes
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granulocytes
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Which of the following tissues contain cells that do not divide...epithilial, muscle, nervous tissue or what combonation?
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muscle and nerve
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Radiosensitivity of ova...vary slighty throughout the life of the germ cell, varies considerably throughout the life of the germ cell or remains constant throughout the life of the germ cell?
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varies considerably throughout the life of the germ cell
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Neutrophils play an important role in...clotting blood, preventing hemmorage or fighting infection
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fighting infection
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As LET increases the ability of ioninzing radiation to cause biologic effects...decreases slightly, also generally increases until it reaches a maximum value, or decreases considerably?
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also generally increases until it reaches a maximum value
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Which of the following groups of cells is most radio-sensitive...eurethrocytes, muscle cells, adult nerve cells or lymphocytes?
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lymphocytes
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Which of the following gonadal radiation doses may cause permanent sterility in a human male...1, 2, or 6 grays?
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6
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The term apoptosis is synonymous with what?
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programmed cell death
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Which of the following statements if true concerning patients who recieve a radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as a chect x-ray? patients are expected to sustain apprecinal damage to either the blood or the blood forming organ as a consequence of the exam, or patients are not expected to sustain apprecinal damage to either the blood or the blood forming organs?
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the patients are not expected to sustain apprecinal damage to the blood or the bloof forming organs.
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Based on current data what would be considered a safe radiation dose for the gonads of both females and males? 0, 1, or 3 greys.
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0 greys
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A periodic blood count is not recommended as a method of monitoring occupational radiation dose because...biologic damage from the ionizing radiation cannot be determined from a blood test, biologic damage has already been sustained when an irregularity is seen in the blood count, a traditional blood count is a relatively insensitive test that is unable to indicate exposure of less than 10 rads, or what combination?
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a traditional blood count is a relatively insensitive test that is unable to indicate exposure of less than 10 rads AND biologic damage has already been sustained when an irregularity is seen in a blood count
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Which of the following human beings is most radiosensitive?embryo fetus, adult, or 5 yr old child?
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embryo fetus
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What of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive...lymphocytes, nerve cells in the embryo or adult nerve cells
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adult nerve cells
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Which of the following illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a paticular type of cell...survival curve, extrapolation curve or dose response curve?
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survival curve
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While passing through a human cell an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivate the cells master molecule, which results in what?
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cell death
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Which of the following means the loss or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain...free radical, mutation, or bleb?
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mutation
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Which of the following are considered low LET radiations...x-rays, alpha particles, gamma rays or what combination?
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x-rays and gamma rays
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Which of the following causes an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cells...hormones, enzymes or nucleic acids?
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enzymes
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In the human body, mineral salts are necessary for...proper cell function, creation or energy, conduction of impulses along the nerves, or what combination?
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All
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In general, which of the following can human cells do...protect themselves, regulate life processes, reproduce or what combination?
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All
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Inorganic materials are compunds that...
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do not contain carbon
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Antibodies are protein molecules produces by specialized cells of bone marrow called...r-lymphocytes, b-lymphocytes, or eucytes?
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b-lymphocytes
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The steps or rungs on the DNA ladder-like structure consists of complementary chemicals that are...pairs of nitrogenous bases, fatty acids or acidic acids?
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pairs of nitrogenous bases
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The much smaller structures that make up nucleic acids are called...nucleotides, fatty acids or carbohydrates?
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nucleotides
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Which of the following serves as a prototype for RNA?
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DNA
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The effective number of soft tissue is?
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7.4
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Among physicians cancer deaths contributed to x-ray exposure were reported as early as what year?
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1910
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Beta particles are actually _____: x-rays, protons, high speed electrons or gamma rays
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high speed electrons
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Which of the following is the SI unit of electrical current: columb, ampere, seivert
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ampere
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which of the following statements is true ? one centiseivert equals .1rem, one centisevert equals 1 rem, one centi severt equals 10 rems, one centisevert equals 100
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one centisevert equals 1 rem
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which of the following units are not SI units? Roentgen, coulomb, rad, or rem
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rad, rem, and roentgen are not SI units
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For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 megavolts , which of the following quantities may be defined as the measure of the total electric charge per unit mass that these kinds of radiations generate in air only: exposure, Equivalent dose (EqD), absorbed dose (D), collective effective dose (ColEfD)
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Exposure
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for equal absorbed doses in body tissue?"
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x-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays
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35 mSv equals how many rems?
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3.5 rems
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400 rems equals how many mSv?
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4000 mSv
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As the intensity of x-ray exposure air volume increases, the number of electron ion pairs produce _______.
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increase
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15 Sv equals how many rems?
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1500 Rems
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one mrem equals how many rems?
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1/1000
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in the diagnostic radiology energy range which includes mammography from 23 to 150 kVp , which of the cfollowing tissues possesses the greatest ability to absorb radiant energy through the process of photoelectric absorption?
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bone
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which of the following affects must be measured to determine the total amount of radiation exposure in a specific volume of air under standard conditions of pressure and temperature: is it: biologic damage, quantity of ionization, cellular activity
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quantity of ionization
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Who was the first worker to die from radiation exposure?
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"Clarence Madison Dally
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X-rays are carriers of_______. Is it: electrons, man-made electromagnetic energy, disease
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man-made electromagnetic energy
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Radiographic density is__________. Is it: not affected by mAs, caused by photodisintegration, defined as the degree of over all blackening on a finished radiograph
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defined as the degree of over all blackening on a finished radiograph
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Differences in density level between radiograph images of adjacent structures in a finished radiograph are known as_____.
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radiographic contrast
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The x-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production is how many mega-volts?
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1.022 megavolts
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Annihilation radiation is used in which of the following modalities?
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PET
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Which of the following results in all directional scatter?
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Compton interaction
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Compton scattering is synonymous with______.
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incoherent
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Which of the following interaction results in the conversion matter into energy?
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annihilation reaction
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What particle is considered to be a form of antimatter?
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positron
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Which of the following are by-products of photoelectric absorption: low energy scattered x-ray photons and compton scattered electrons, photoelectron and compton scattered electron, photoelectron and characteristic photon
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photoelectron and characteristic photon
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What is the affective atomic number of compact bone?
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13.8
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which of the following term refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron drops down from an outer orbit to fill a vacancy in the inner orbit of the parent atom?
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Characteristic x-ray photon
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The possibility of occurrence of photoelectric absorption ______ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atom ______
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increases, increases
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in photoelectric absorption the kinetic energy of the incoming x-ray photon must be _____ to be able to dislodge an inner shell electron from its orbit.
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the same as or greater than the energy that binds the electron in its orbit
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What symbol designates the atomic number of an atom?
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Z
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Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter: photoelectric, paired, brems, or compton
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"brems
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Coherent scattering is most probable at which of the following generator settings?
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Below 30 kV
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Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have no mass, or electric charge are called?
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x-ray photons
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If a pt asks a radiographer a question about the potential risk of radiation exposure associated with a specific x-ray exposure, the radiographer should______.
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Answer the question honestly and provide a suitable example that compares the amount of radiation received from the procedure in question with natural background radiation received over a period of time.
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The advantages of the BERT method are_____: BERT does not imply radiation risk, it's simply a means for comparison, BERT emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment, the answer given in terms of BERT is easy for the pt to comprehend
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all
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The mSv is equal to how much of a sievert?
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1/1000
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Both occupational and nonoccupational dose limits may be stated in_____. Is it: sieverts, gray, coulomb or what combo
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all three
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Both occupational and nonoccupational dose limits may be stated in_____. Is it: rem, rads, roentgen, or what combo
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all three
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In the electromagnetic spectrum higher frequencies are associated with ____
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shorter wavelengths and higher energies
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The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of____.
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Radiation dose
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which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation: x-rays, visible light, microwaves, or what combo
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all
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which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S.?
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Radon
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Which of the following protects the global population from exposure to essentially all high energy bombarding cosmic x-rays?
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the earths atmosphere and magnetic field
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Of the estimated .65mSv or 65 mrem's that man-made radiation contributes the average annual radiation exposure of the U.S. population, what portion of this results from the use of consumer products?
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.31mSv (31 mRem)
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When exposed to high radiation levels in the home, which group of people have the highest risk of developing lung cancer?
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smokers
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Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses. Is it: crawl spaces, floor drains, poured cement block foundations, or what combo
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all
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The FDA presently considers the risk of radiation exposure to the U.S. population from color television monitors to be ?
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negligible
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Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms?
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Galactic and solar
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Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources?
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Uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232
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Patients who understand the potential medical benefits from an imaging procedure are more likely too?
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Over come any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small risk of biologic damage
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Which of the following is a special form of radiation that's capable of creating electrical charges by removing orbital electrons from the atom of the material with which it interacts?
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ionizing
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which of the following statements concerning the 1979 nuclear reactor accident of TMI2 is not true?
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Excess cancer deaths have been predicted to occur in the 2 million people living w/in 50 miles of the plant during the time of the accident
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A transfer of energy that results from either a change occurring naturally with in an atom or a process caused by the interaction of a particle w/in the atom defines____.
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radiation
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When natural sources of ionizing radiation become increased b/c of accidental or deliberate human actions they are referred to as___
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enhanced natural sources
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Why is x-ray diagnosis more accurate today than in previous yrs? Is it: better design and improvement of equipment, better educated medical personnel, or what combo
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all
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"Because occupational exposure of the radiographer can be kept as low as reasonable achievable through individual monitoring and protective measures and devices and because exposure from radiation related jobs will not alter the (BLANK) radiation workers may recieve a larger equivalent dose than other members of the general population.
is it: mean glandular dose, genetically significant dose, bone marrow dose, tissue tollerance dose" |
genetically significant dose
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"which of the following are types of ionizing radiation that produce virtually the same biologic affect
for equal absorbed doses in body tissue?" |
x-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays
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