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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NCRP stand for
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National Council on Radiation Protection
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ICRP
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International commission on radiological protection
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early transient erythema
dose: time of onset: |
dose: 2Gy
onset: within hours |
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erytema
dose onsest |
dose: 6Gy
onset:10-14 days |
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temporary epilation
dose: onset: |
dose:3Gy
onset: 3wks |
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permanent epilation
dose onset |
dose: >7Gy
onset: 3 wks |
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dry desquamation
dose onset |
dose:14Gy
onset:4wks |
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moist desquamation
dose onset |
dose: >15Gy
onset: 4 wks |
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atrophy/necrosis
dose onset |
dose:10-18Gy
onset: occurs late |
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occupational annual exposure limit
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50mSv/yr
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occupational lens of eye exposure limit
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150mSv/yr
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occupational skin, hands, and feet exposure limit
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500mSv/yr
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embryo/fetus exposure limit:
effective dose limit after pregnancy declared |
.5mSv/month
.5rem overall/.05rem monthly |
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public annual exposure limits:
effective dose limit, continuous/ frequent exposure |
1Sv/yr
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public annual exposure limits:
effective dose limit, infrequent exposure |
5mSv/yr
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individual worker's lifetime effective dose should not exceed
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age in years x 10mSv (or 1rem)
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1Sv=___rem
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100rem
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radon average annual effective dose (mSv)
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2mSv
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other natural background annual effective dose in (mSv)
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1mSv
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medical diagnostic x-rays, nuclear medicine
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x-ray=.39mSv
nuc. med= .14mSv |
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consumer products average annual effective dose (mSv)
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.12mSv
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average annual effective dose (mSv) rounded value
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3.6mSv
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energy absorbed per unit mass
old unit new unit |
absorbed dose (dose)
old unit: rad (100rad-1Gy new unit: J/kg or Gy |
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absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor
old unit new unit |
equivalent dose
old: rem new: Sv |
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sum of all the weighted equivalent doses in all the tissues or organs irradiated
old unit new unit |
effective dose
old: rem new: Sv |
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(SUM) of absorbed dose x Wr x Wt
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effective dose
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quantity obtained by multiplying the dose equivalent to a tissue by the appropriate weighting factor for that tissue
old unit new unit |
effective dose equivalent
old: rem new: Sv |
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relative contibution of each tissue or organ to the total determent resulting from uniform irradiation of the whole body
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tissue weighting factor (Wt)
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the product of the average equivalent dose to a population and the number of persons exposed
old unit new unit |
Collective equivalent dose
old: Man rem new: Person-Sv |
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the product o the average effective dose to a population and the number of persons exposed
old unit new unit |
collective effective dose
old Man rem new Person-Sv |
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The dose that, if given to every member of a population, should produce the same hereditary harm as the actual doses received by the individual
old unit new unit |
genetically significant dose
old Rem new Sv |
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Average background level is
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100mrem
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Radon gas accounts for ____mrem; it is the largest component of natural background radiation (estimated cause of ___ of the total lung cancer deaths)
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200
10% |
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Average annual effective dose in U.S. from all sources is
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3.6mSv (360mrem)
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major sources of exposure =
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background radiation and medical
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background radiation=
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50%
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medical =
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48%
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radon and thoron make up what %
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37%
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other background makes up what %
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13%
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CT makes up what %
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24%
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nuc med makes up what %
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12%
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interventional fluoroscopy makes up what %
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7%
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conventional radiography fluoroscopy makes up what %
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5%
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dose from
Chest x-ray |
.01rem
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dose from
dental exam |
.16rem
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dose from
mammogram |
.25 rem
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dose from
PET |
.37rem
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dose from
spiral CT scan (FULL BODY) |
3-10rem
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hadrontherapy means
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o Radiotherapy involving protons, neutrons, or other heavy ions, particularly carbon.
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Protons
LET OER REB |
LET=low
OER=similar to x-rays RBE= range from 1-1.25 (~160Mev) |
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Heavy ion
adv |
overcoming radioresistance from hypoxic tumors
spare normal tissue |
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Heavy ions
RBE |
have a higher RBE relative to low LET x-rays and electrons
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neutrons
how do they work |
indirectly ionizing, they give up their energy to produce recoil protons, a(alpha) particles, and heavy nuclear fragments
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how do neutrons differ from x-rays?
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neutrons have a
reduced OER little or no repair of SLD or PLD and less variation of sensitivity through the cell cycle |
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neutrons benefitial for treating
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prostate, soft tissue sarcoma, salivary gland tumors
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Before RT
After RT during RT |
Induction=before
adjuvant=after concurrent=during |
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what is pleiotropic resistance?
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the phenomenon by which the development of resistance to one drug results in cross-resistance to other drugs, even those with different mechanisms of action.
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biggest single problem in chemotherapy
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resistance
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parameters for therapeutic gain:
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(1)genetic instability of tumor cells
(2)rapid proliferation of some tumor cells (3)cell age distribution of tumor cell population (4)hypoxia (characteristic of larger tumors) (5)pH (often low in tumors) |
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MISC agents
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hydroxyurea, procarbazine, cisplatin
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antimetabolites include:
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methotrexate
5FU |
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antibetabolites do what?
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they are analogues of the normal metabolites required for cell function replication
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antibiotics do what
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bind to DNA and inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
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antibiotics include:
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doxorubicin (adriamycin) and daunorubicin
dactinomycin bleomycin mitomycin C |
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antibiotics major toxicity is
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myelosuppression
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alkylating agents do what
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highly active, ability to substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms in DNA
cell-cycle nonspecific |
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large growth fraction=?
small growth fraction =? |
large=more responsive to chemo
small= less responsive to chemo |
