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329 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most distal part of the metatarsal is reffered to as the __________.
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head
(the proximial end is the base) |
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Common trauma site of the foot
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base of the 5th metatarsal
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Small bone sometimes found on the plantar surface at the head of the first metatarsal
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sesamoid bone
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os calcis
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calcaneus
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astragalus
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talus
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navicular is also reffered to as the
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scaphoid
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The navicular bone is located on what side of the foot?
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medial
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large bone located on lateral aspect of foot?
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cuboid
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the arches of the foot do what?
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provide shock absorbing support
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Arch that runs under the metatarsals
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transverse arch
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The ankle joint is formed by what three bones?
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tib, fib, talus
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forms the roof of the ankle
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tibial plafond
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On a lateral ankle the distal fibula should be located where?
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over the posterior half of the tibia
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which malleolus extends more distally?
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lateral malleolus
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weight bearing bone of the lower leg
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tibia
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two small pointed prominences located on the superior surface of the tibial head between the two condyles
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intercondylar eminence
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The tibial plateau slopes how
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10 to 20 degrees posteriorly
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The tibial tuberosity is found where?
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the anterior proximal tibia
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sharp ridge of bone extending from the tibial tuberosity to the medial malleolus
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crest
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fibular notch is located where?
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distal lateral aspect of tibia
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The most proximal portion of the fibula is called the ______
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apex
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What is found right under the apex of the fibula
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neck
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depression at anterior distal portion of proximal femur that extends up under the lower part of the patella
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intercondylar sulcus or trochlear groove
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The two condyles are seperated posteriorly by the
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intercondylar fossa
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Which femoral condyle extends lower and more distally
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medial condyle
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slightly raised tubercle on the posterolateral aspect of the medial condlye
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adductor tubercle
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which condly of the femur is larger
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medial
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As the lower leg is flexed the patella moves
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down
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posterior surface of distal femur just proximal to intercondylar fossa where blood vessels and nerves pass
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popliteal surface
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The apex of the patella is located where?
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at the bottom.
the base is at the top bc the patella is though t to be upside down |
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The patella articulates with what?
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only the femur.
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How much is the patient rotated for posterior oblique positions for the SI joints?
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25-30 degrees, side of interest elevated
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How much is the CR angled for posterior obliques of the SI joints?
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Perpendicular beam
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What joint is visualized with LPO SI Joint?
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right joint
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To demonstrate the inferior or distal part of the SI Joint more clearly on posterior obliques, the CR may be angled?
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15-20 cephalad
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What is the CR angle for AP axial SI joints?
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30 degrees cephalad for males
35 degrees for females |
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what is the centering point for AP Axial SI joints?
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2 inches below ASIS, midline
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Using an alternative PA axial projection for SI joints, the patient would be prone, how would the CR be angled?
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30-35 degrees caudad
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Do you use a shield for SI joint projections?
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only for males
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where is the CR directed for posterior obliques of SI joints?
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1 inch medial to upside ASIS
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subluxation
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partial dislocation
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How is no rotation evidenced on an AP axial SI joint projection
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spinous process of L5 in center of vertebral body and symmetric appearance of bilateral wings (ala) of sacrum (with SI joints equally distant from midline of vertebrae
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what indicates correct obliquity of posterior obliques of the SI joints?
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the ala of the ilium and the sacrum should have no overlap
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What are projections of the SI joints used to assess?
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fracture and joint dislocations or subluxation of SI joints
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Where is the central ray for a projection of the lateral coccyx?
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3-4 inches posterior and 2 inches distal to ASIS
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help to reduce scatter on lateral projections of the spine and sacrum-coccyx?
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lead strip on table behind patient
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what indicates no rotation on a lateral coccyx?
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superimposition of greater sciatic notches
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the sacrum and coccyx are commonly ordered together, and a single lateral centered to include both the sacrum and coccyx is recommended because?
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decrease gonadal doses
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where is support needed for a lateral coccyx?
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under waist, between knees and ankles
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what angle is the central ray for a lateral coccyx?
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perpendicular
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respiration for SI joints
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suspend respiration during exposure
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where is the CR for a lateral sacrum and coccyx?
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3-4 inches posterior to ASIS, and perpendicular
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How is respiration for all sacrum and coccyx projections?
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suspend respiration
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how is no rotation indicated for a lateral sacrum and coccyx projection?
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posterior margins of pelvis (greater sciatic notches and femoral heads) are superimposed
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where is the CR for an AP axial coccyx?
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10 degrees caudad, 2 inches inferior to ASIS (2 inches superior to symphysis pubis)
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What does an AP axial image of the coccyx demonstrate?
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coccyx free of self-superimposition and superimposition of symphysis pubis. correct coccyx and CR alignment demonstrates coccyx superior to pubis. coccygeal segments should appear open. if not, they may be fused, or CR angle may need to be increased. (The greater the curvature of the coccyx the greater the angulation needed). coccyx should appear equidistant from the lateral walls of the pelvic opening, indicating no rotation
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how is the CR angled if the coccyx needs to be performed in a prone position?
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10 degrees cephalad
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what should the tech ask the patient to do before all projections of the sacrum and coccyx?
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empty bladder, gas, and fecal material
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where is the CR directed and angled for an AP Axial sacrum?
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15 degrees cephalad, 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis (2 inches inferior to ASIS)
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if the projection of the sacrum must be performed prone (PA axial), how is the CR angled?
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15 degrees caudad
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is the male or females sacrum shorter and wider?
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female
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what is demonstrated on an AP axial sacrum?
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sacrum, SI joints, and L5S1. inferior portion of sacrum should be centered in the pelvic opening, indicating no rotation of pelvis. correct alignment of the sacrum and CR demonstrates the sacrum free of foreshortening, and the pubis and sacral foramina are not superimposed
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what is the CR angle for an AP axial L5-S1 projection of the lumbar spine?
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cephalad, 30 degrees (males to 35 degrees (females)
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what indicates no pelvic rotation on an AP axial L5S1 projection of the lumbar spine?
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SI joints demonstrate equal distance from spine
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correct alignment of CR and L5S1 is evidenced by?
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an open joint space
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what projection provides more information, an AP axial L5S1 or a lateral view of L5S1?
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lateral view
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where is the CR and how is it angled for a lateral L5S1 lumbar spine?
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1 1/2 inches inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS. CR perpendicular with sufficient waist support or 5-8 degrees caudad to be parallel with interiliac plane with less support
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forward movement of one vertebra in relation to another. most common in L5S1
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spondylolisthesis
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what pathology is demonstrated on a lateral lumbar spine and an L5S1?
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spondylolisthesis
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where do you center when using a large IR on an AP, PA or lateral lumbar spine?
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iliac crest (L4-L5)
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where do you center when using a smaller IR for an AP, PA or lateral lumbar spine?
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L3, 1 1/2 inches above iliac crest
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What makes up the knee joint?
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femur, tibia, patella
*note that the fibula does not make up the knee joint bc it does not articulate with the femur. |
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Strong bands at sides of knees that prevent adduction and abduction movements?
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Collateral Ligaments. (LCL MCL)
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These bands of the knee cross eachother and prevent anterior and posterior movements within the knee joint
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cruciate ligament (ACL & PCL)
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The articular capsule of the knee is also known as the __________.
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bursa
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Fibrocartilage disks between the articular facets of the tibia and the femoral condyles. Act as shock absorbers
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lateral and medial menisci
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All of the joints of the lower limb (except the distal tibfib joint) are what kind of joints?
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synovial diarthrodial
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The distal tib fib jont is what special kind of joint?
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amphiarthrodial syndesmosis
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When radiographing a body part in a cast what is needed to be done to the exposure factors?
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they need to be increased.
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Form of arthritis that usually starts in the first MTP joint
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gout
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Lisfranc joint injury occurs in the ligament that is found where?
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medial cuneiform to the first to second MT base
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Osgood schlatter disease happens where?
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anterior proximial tibia at the tibial tuberosity
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Angle for AP toes
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10 to 15 degrees
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Centering for AP toes
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MTP joints
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centering for lateral toes
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PIP or IP joint
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For a tangential projection of the toes (sesamoid bones) the foot should be angled how?
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15-20 degrees from vertical
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An AP projection on sesamoid bones will have what disadvantage?
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increased OID
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how much is the patient rotated for posterior or anterior obliques of the L spine?
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45 degrees
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what is the centering point for obliques of the L spine?
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L3, 1 1/2 inches above iliac crest, 2 inches medial to upside ASIS
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A ___ degree oblique of L spine best visualizes the zygapophyseal joints at L1 to L2, and ___ degrees for L5 to S1
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50, 30
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L spine anterior obliques show what side?
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upside
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Lspine posterior obliques show what side?
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down side
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what projection is the 'scottie dog' visualized?
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45 degree oblique of L spine
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what indicates no patient rotation on an AP lumbar spine?
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SI joints equal distances from spinous processes, spinous processes in midline of vertebral column, R and L transverse processes equal in length
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what is the respiration for projections of the L spine?
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suspend breathing on expiration
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dissolution of vertebra of the vertebral arch and separation of the pars interarticularis of the vertebra. on oblique L spine projections, the neck of the scottie dog appears broken. common at L4 or L5
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spondylolysis
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posterior aspects of vertebrae fail to develop, exposing part of the spinal cord
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spina bifida
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lateral curvature of vertebral column, involves thoracic and lumbar regions
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scoliosis
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The xiphoid tip is at the level of what vertebrae?
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T9-T10
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the iliac crest is at the level of what vertebrae?
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L4-L5
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the ASIS is at the level of?
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S1-S2
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What is open on a AP foot?
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bases of 1st and 2nd MT seperated. bases of 2nd-5th MT bases overlapped. Intertarsal joint space between 1st and 2nd cuneiforms open
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If you notice a high arch of the foot how should you angle your beam for an AP foot?
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15 degrees.
(10 degrees for a low arch) |
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Oblique toe or foot should be obliqued how?
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30 to 40 degrees
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When using a lateral oblique for the foot, what degree do you rotate the foot?
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30 degrees.
less degree is required bc of the natural arch of the foot |
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what is open on a oblique foot
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3rd -5th MT's are free of superimposition
1st and 2nd MT bases are overlapped tuberosity at base of 5th MT seen Joint space around cuboid and sinus tarsi open |
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how should knee be flexed for lateral foot?
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45 degrees
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What will give you a true lateral foot?
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lateromedial projection
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What is open on a lateral foot?
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tibiotalar joint
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AP weight bearing feet require what angle of the CR?
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15 degrees
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Angle of CR for plantodorsal axial calcaneous
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40 degrees
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For plantodorsal axial projection CR should emerge where?
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just distal to lateral malleolus
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Centering for lateral calcaneous
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1" inferior to medial malleolus
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On a AP ankle what mortise joint should be open?
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medial.
lateral mortise joint should be closed |
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internally rotate the leg and foot how much for a mortise projection
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15-20 degrees
until intermalleolar line is parallel |
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what should be open on a mortise ankle projection
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lateral and medial malleolus
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What is open on a 45 degree oblique ankle
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open distal tibfib joint
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How should the fibula be positioned on a lateral ankle
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distal fibula should be superimposed over the posterior half of the tibia
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What two positions are needed for AP stress ankle?
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inversion and eversion
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What is an appropiate SID when doing a AP or lateral tibfib?
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44 to 48 inches
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How should the tibia and fibula be positioned for an AP tibfib?
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they should be overlapped slightly at the distal and proximal ends
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For the AP knee, the leg should be internally rotated how?
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3-5 degrees or until the interepicondylar line is parallel
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For an Ap knee if the distance from ASIS to tabletop to more then 24 cm, how should you adjust your beam?
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5 degrees cephalad.
5 degree caudad for thin thighs and buttocks 0 degrees for average |
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What should be open on a AP knee?
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femerotibial joint
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The oblique knee opens up what?
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proximal tibiofibular joint
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The AP external knee rotation requires what kind of obliquity?
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45 degrees
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For a lateral knee the beam should be angled how?
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5-7 degrees cephalad
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How much flexsion of the knee is required for a lateral knee
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20 to 30 degrees
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What is the Cr angle for pa axial weight bearing rosenburg bilateral knee projection
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10 degrees. .
knees are flexed 45 degrees |
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camp coventry method requires what flexsion of the knee
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40 to 50 degree
CR should be perpendicular to tibfib |
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How is Pt positioned for camp coventry method
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prone 40-50 degree knee flexion
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How is PT positioned for holmblad method
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kneeling position 60-70 degrees flexion CR perpendicular to IR
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holmblad, camp coventry, and beclere method show what?
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intercondylar fossa
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beclere method is positioned how?
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40-45 degree flexion
CR perpendicular to lower leg direct CR 1/2 inch distal to apex to patella |
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PA projection of patella requires what obliquity?
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5 degrees internally
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flexion of knee for lateral patella
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5-10 degrees
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Merchant bilateral method of the knees if positioned how?
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knees flexed 40 degrees
CR 30 degrees |
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how much is the patient rotated for t spine oblique projections?
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rotate body 20 degrees from true lateral to create a 70 degree oblique from plane of table
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posterior obliques of the t spine, what side do you see?
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joints farther from IR (upside)
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anterior obliques of the t spine, what side do you see?
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Z joints closest to IR (downside)
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what is the centering point for all t spine projections?
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T7 (3-4 inches below jugular notch)
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do you take right or left projections of the t spine?
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both sides for comparison
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what is the respiration for t spine projections?
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suspend breathing on full expiration or use breathing technique on lateral projection
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why are anterior obliques recommended on t spine projections?
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lower breast dose
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pathology demonstrated on oblique positions of the t spine?
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zygapophyseal joints
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what size IR is used on all t spine projections?
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14x17 lengthwise
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a patient with broad shoulders may require what angle for a lateral t spine?
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3-5 cephalic
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what type of collimation would be required for a patient with a greater kyphotic curvature?
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wider
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to make use of the anode heel effect, which side would you put the cathode on an AP t spine projection?
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abdominal end
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why is an AP t spine taken on expiration?
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reduces air volume in thorax for more uniform brightness/density
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what is the CR angle for AP axial vertebral arch (pillars) of the C-spine?
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20-30 caudal to enter C5
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what is essential for demonstrating the posterior aspects of the mid and lower c spine on an AP axial pillars projection?
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sufficient hyperextension and caudal CR angle
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what determines the CR angle on an AP axial pillars projection?
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the amount of natural cervical lordotic curvature
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what is demonstrated on an AP axial vertebral arch (pillars) projection?
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Z joints between lateral masses (or pillars) are open and well demonstrated, along with laminae and spinous processes
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what is the 'Ottonello method'?
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AP 'wagging jaw': C spine
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what is demonstrated on an AP wagging jaw projection?
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C1 ring and entire cervical column
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how is the respiration for an AP (PA) C1/C2, AP wagging jaw, and AP axial vertebral arch (pillars) projections?
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suspend respiration
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what projection is useful for demonstrating the superior portion of the dens when its is not well visualized on the AP open mouth c spine projection?
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AP or PA for C1-C2 (dens): c spine
fuchs (AP) or Judd (PA) methods |
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what position is the patient in for an Fuchs method of the c spine?
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supine
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what position is the patient for a Judd method projection of the c spine?
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prone
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For an AP fuchs/PA Judd method of the c spine, the CR is parallel to what?
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to MML (mentomeatal line), directed to inferior tip of mandible (jaw).
MML will be perpendicular to tabletop |
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why are lateral hyperflexion and hyperextension projections of the c spine done?
|
rule out whip lash or follow up after spinal fusion surgery
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what would help a patient drop their shoulders on hyperflexion and hyperextension projections of the c spine?
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weights on each arm
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SID used for hyperflexion and hyperextension projections of the c spine?
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60-72 inches
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no rotation of the head for hyperflexion and hyperextension projections of the c spine is evidenced?
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superimposition of rami of mandible
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for hyperflexion of the c spine, the spinous processes should be?
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well seperated
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for hyperextension of the c spine, the spinous processes should be?
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in close proximity
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what is 'twining method'?
|
cervicothoracic (swimmers) lateral: c spine
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what is the SID used on lateral and oblique projections of the c spine?
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60-72 inches
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centering point for a swimmers lateral?
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T1
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respiration for a swimmers projection
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suspend on full expiration or breathing technique (low mA and 3-4 second exp time)
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if a patient comes in with a cervical collar, what projection will you take first?
|
lateral, horizontal beam: c spine
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why should you suspend respiration on a lateral c spine projection?
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will help depress the shoulders
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how is the body and head rotated for oblique projections of the c spine?
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45 degrees
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why are anterior oblique projections of the c spine preferred?
|
reduced thyroid doses
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CR for anterior obliques of c spine?
|
15 degrees caudad to C4
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CR for posterior obliques of c spine?
|
15 cephalad to C4
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anterior obliques of the c spine demonstrate?
|
intervertebral foramina and pedicles on side closest to IR (downside)
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posterior obliques of the c spine demonstrate?
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intervertebral foramina and pedicles on side farther from IR (upside)
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what may be done to help prevent superimposition of vertebrae by mandible on oblique c spine projections?
|
head may be turned toward IR to a near lateral position (may result in some rotation of upper vertebrae)
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what is the CR angle for an AP axial c spine?
|
15-20 cephalad
(15 degrees when supine or less lordotic curvature, 20 degrees when erect or more lordotic curvature) |
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what SID is used on an AP 'open mouth' and AP axial c spine?
|
40 inch
|
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for an AP open mouth projection, what needs to be perpendicular to the table or IR?
|
lower margin of upper incisors to the base of the skull (mastoid tips)
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On an AP open mouth, no rotation is evidenced by?
|
equal distances from lateral masses and/or transverse processes of C1 to condyles of mandible, and by center alignment of spinous process of C2. rotation can imitate pathology by causing unequal spaces between lateral masses and dens.
|
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inflammation of vertebrae
|
spondylitis
|
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loss of bone mass
|
osteoporosis
|
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arthritis characterized by degeneration of one or many joints
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osteoarthritis
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abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
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scoliosis
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describes normal or exaggerated concave curvature of the spine
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lordosis
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abnormal or exaggerated convex curvature (hump back) of the spine
|
kyphosis
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fracture of the dens and can extend into the lateral masses or arches of C1
|
odontoid fracture
|
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comminuted fracture (splintered or crushed at site of impact), the anterior and posterior arches of C1 are fractured as the skull slams onto the ring
|
Jefferson fracture
|
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fracture extends through the pedicles of C2 with or without subluxation of C2 upon C3. dens is presses posteriorly against the brain stem
|
Hangmans fracture
|
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collapse of a vertebral body
|
compression fracture
|
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fracture results from hyperflexion of the neck, results in avulsion fractures on the spinous processes of C6 through T1
|
clay shovelers fracture
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|
Joint type: Atlantooccipital (C1)
|
synovial, diarthrodial, ellipsoid (condyloid)
|
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Joint type: intervertebral
|
cartilaginous (symphysis), amphiarthrodial
|
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Joint type:
Zygapophyseal costovertebral (T1-T12) Costotransverse (T1-T10) |
synovial, diarthrodial, plane (gliding)
|
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Zygapophyseal joints are __ degrees from the MSP
|
90
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Intervertebral foramina are ___ degrees from the MSP
|
45
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distinguishing feature of: all cervical vertebrae
|
3 foramina each, more dominant articular pillars
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distinguishing feature of: C1, atlas
|
no body but anterior arch, no spinous process but posterior tubercle with bifid tip, lateral masses (articular pillars), superior facets for atlantooccipital articulations
|
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distinguishing feature of: C2, Axis
|
contains dens
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distinguishing feature of: C2-C6
|
short spinous processes with bifid tips
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distinguishing feature of: C7
|
called vertebral prominens because of its long spinous process
|
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distinguishing feature of: all thoracic vertebrae
|
contain facets for rib articulations (facets or demifacets)
|
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distinguishing feature of: T1-T10
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contain facets on transverse processes for rib articulations
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distinguishing feature of: T1-T9
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contain demifacets for rib articulations
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distinguishing feature of: T10-T12
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contain single facet for rib articulation
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Joint type: SI Joints
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amphiarthrodial, special type synovial
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L SPINE JOINT AND FORAMINA POSITIONING intervertebral foramina-90 degree lateral
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Zygapophyseal joints-45 degree obliques
posterior obliques-downside anterior obliques-upside |
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T SPINE JOINTS AND FORAMINA
intervertebral foramina- 90 degree lateral |
zygapophyseal joints-70 degree oblique
posterior obliques-upside anterior obliques-down side |
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C SPINE JOINTS AND FORAMINA
zygapophyseal joints- 90 degree lateral |
intervertebral foramina 45 degree oblique
posterior obliques (15 ceph)-upside anterior obliques (15 caud)-downside |
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Camp Coventry, Holmblad, and beclere method are all projections used to see what?
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intercondylar fossa
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When doing an AP knee on a thin PT, How should the beam be adjusted?
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3-5 degrees cephalad
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the largest and strongest vertebrae?
(also more prone to injury) |
lumbar
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the largest lumbar vertebrae?
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5th
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the intervertebral foramina of the l spine are situated ___ degrees relative to the MSP?
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90
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intervertebral foramina are spaces or openings between _______ when 2 vertebrae are stacked on each other
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pedicles
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along the upper surface of each pedicle is a half moon shaped area called the ____ ______ ______
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superior vertebral notch
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when vertebrae are stacked, the superior and inferior vertebral notches line up, and the 2 half moon shaped areas form a single opening called _______ ________.
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intervertebral foramina
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spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through the?
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intervertebral foramina
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the zygapophyseal joints of the l spine form an angle open from __-____ degrees to the MSP
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30-50
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forms a bridge between the transverse processes, lateral masses, and spinous process
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laminae
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portion of each lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes is the?
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pars interarticularis
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the intervertebral foramina in the lumbar region are demonstrated best on a _____ radiographic image
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lateral
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the pars interarticularis is demonstrated radio-graphically on the ______ lumbar image
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oblique
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inferior to lumbar vertebrae
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sacrum
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the apex of the sacrum is pointed _____ and ______.
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inferior and anterior
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how many sets of pelvic sacral foramina?
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4
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anterior ridge of the body of the first sacral segment help to form the posterior wall of the inlet of the true pelvis and is termed?
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promontory
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posterior to the body of the first sacral segment is the opening to the ____ _____, which is a continuation of the vertebral canal and contains certain sacral nerves.
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sacral canal
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formed by fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.
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median sacral crest
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the sacrum articulates with the ilium of the pelvis at the?
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auricular surface
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the auricular surface is named because of its resemblance to the?
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ear
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small tubercles that represent the inferior articular processes projecting inferiorly from each side of the 5th sacral segment
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sacral horns
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most distal portion of vertebral column
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coccyx "tailbone"
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how many coccygeal segments have fused in the adult to form the single coccyx?
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3-5 (average of 4)
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distal pointed tip of coccyx?
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apex
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superior portion of coccyx
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base
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ear of the scottie dog?
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superior articular process
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nose of the scottie dog?
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transverse process
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eye of the scottie dog?
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pedicle
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neck of the scottie dog?
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pars interarticularis
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2 main parts of vertebrae?
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body, vertebral arch
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serves as a pivot point for arclike movement of the ribs
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spine
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the term facet is sometimes used interchangeably with?
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zygapophyseal joints
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articulation of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae?
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costal joints
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the 1st cervical vertebrae has no?
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body
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provide a resilient cushion between vertebrae, helping to absorb shock during movement of the spine
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intervertebral disks (fibrocartilage)
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each intervertebral disk contains an outer fibrous portion termed?
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annulus fibrosus
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semigelatinous inner portion of intervertebral disks
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nucleus polpsus
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a modified axiolateral Clements-Nakayama method shows what kind of view of the acetabulum, femoral head and neck?
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lateral oblique view
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what way is the CR angled so that it is perpendicular to and centered to the femoral neck in a clements-nakayama method?
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mediolaterally, 15-20 degrees from horizontal
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what is seen in profile in a clements-nakayama method?
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femoral head and neck seen in profile, with only minimal superimposition by the greater trochanter. lesser trochanter is seen projecting posterior to the femoral shaft (increased external rotation, the amount of lesser trochanter seen decreases)
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the femur is abducted by how much with the modified cleaves method?
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45 degrees from vertical
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how is the CR positioned and directed for the modified cleaves method?
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perpendicular, directed to midfemoral neck
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what is the modification of the modified cleaves method?
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lauenstein/hickey method (patient starts in similar position and then rotates on affected side until the femur is in contact with the table top and parallel to IR)
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what is demonstrated in a frog leg modified cleaves position?
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lateral views of acetabulum and femoral head and neck, trochanteric area, and proximal 1/3 of femur visible. proper abduction of femur is demonstrated by femoral neck in profile, superimposed by greater trochanter
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the optimum femur abduction is a modified cleaves method is 20-30 degrees from vertical which demonstrates the femoral neck without any foreshortening, but it foreshortens the proximal ______
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femur
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where is the cassette placed for a Danelius-Miller method axiolateral inferosuperior projection of the hip and proximal femur?
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in crease above iliac crest and adjust so that is parallel to femoral neck and perpendicular to CR
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where is the CR for an AP unilateral hip projection?
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perpendicular to IR, 1-2 inches distal to femoral neck (femoral neck is located 1-2 inches medial and 3-4 inches distal to ASIS
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how much is the patient obliqued for a Teufel projection?
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35-40 anterior oblique
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How much is the CR angled for a Tuefel method?
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12 degrees
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where do u center for a Tuefel method?
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1 inch superior to the level of the greater trochanter, approx 2 inches lateral to the MSP
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what is visualized with the Tuefel method?
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superoposterior wall of the acetabulum. proper degree of obliquity is evidenced by visualization of of the concave area of the fovea capitis with the femoral head in profile. the obturator foramen should be open if rotated correctly
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what position is the patient placed for a Judet method-acetabulum?
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45 degree posterior oblique, affected side can be up or down.
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when anatomy of interest is on downside for the Judet method, what is shown and where is centering point?
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CR perpendicular and centered to 2 inches distal and 2 inches medial to downside ASIS. the anterior rim of the acetabulum and the posterior (ilioischial) column are demonstrated. the iliac wing is also well visualized
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when anatomy of interest is on upside for the Judet method, what is shown and where is centering point?
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CR perpendicular and centered to 2 inches directly distal to upside ASIS. the posterior rim of acetabulum and the anterior (iliopubic) column are demonstrated. the obturatot foramen also is visualized
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Where is the CR directed and centered to for an AP axial inlet pelvis projection?
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40 degrees caudad, at midline of ASIS
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what does an AP axial inlet pelvis projection demonstrate?
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the pelvic ring or inlet (superior aperture) in its entirety. no rotation: ischial spines are fully demonstrated and equal in size and shape
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Where is the CR directed for an AP axial outlet Taylor method of the pelvis
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cephalad, 20-35 degrees for males, 30-45 degrees for females. 1-2 inches distal to the superior border of the symphysis pubis or greater trochanters
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what is shown on an outlet projection?
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superior and inferior rami of pubes and body and ramus of ischium are well demonstrated with minimal foreshortening or superimposition. No rotation: obturator foramina and bilateral ischia are equal in size and shape
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where is the CR directed for an AP bilateral frog leg, modified cleaves method?
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perp to IR, 3 inches below ASIS
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how much are the long axes of feet and lower limbs rotated for an AP pelvis?
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15-20 degrees internally
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what is the centering point for an AP pelvis?
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midway between the ASIS and symphysis pubis
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for a lateral projectio of the mid and proximal femur, the patient is asked to roll back posteriorly about ___ degrees to prevent superimposition of of proximal femur and hip joint
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15
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how much is the affected knee flexed for a lateral projection of the mid and proximal femur AND PROJECTION OF MID AND DISTAL FEMUR?
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45 degrees
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is the greater of lesser trochanter superimposed by the neck of the proximal femur for a lateral projection of the mid and proximal femur?
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most of the greater (visible on medial side)
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where is the IR placed for a lateral projection of the mid and distal femur?
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lower IR margin should be 2 inches below knee joint
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where is the CR directed for a lateral projection of the mid and proximal femur?
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perpendicular to femur and to midpoint of IR. upper IR margin at ASIS
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How much rotated is needed for affected side for a AP projection of the mid and distal femur?
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5 degrees internally
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where is the CR for an AP femur projection?
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mid point of IR
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longest and strongest bone in the entire body?
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femur
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the proximal femur consists of four essential parts, what are they?
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head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters
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deep depression, or pit in the head of the femur where a major ligament called the ligament of the head of femur is attached
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fovea capitis
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the trochanters are joined together by a thick ridge called?
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intertrochanteric crest
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the angle of the neck to the shaft of the proximal femur on most average adults is approx?
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125 degrees (with a variance of 15 degrees depending on width of pelvis and length of lower limbs)
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on an average adult in the anatomic position, the longitudinal plane of the femur is about ____ degrees from vertical
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10 (15 on someone with a wide pelvis and shorter limbs, and 5 on a long legged person)
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angle of the head and neck of the femur that is important in radiography is the ___ - ___ degree anterior angle of the head and neck in relation to the body of the femur
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15-20
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to place the femoral neck parallel to the IR, the femur must be?
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rotated 15-20 degrees
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basin
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pelvis
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the pelvis consists of what 4 bones?
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2 hip bones (ossa coxae, innominate bones), 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx
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the pelvic girdle consists of what bones?
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only the 2 hip bones
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3 divisions of each hip bone
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ilium, ischium, and pubis
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at what age do the 3 divisions of the hip bones fuse together and what area does it occur?
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middle teens (area of acetabulum)
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deep, cup shaped cavity that accepts the head of the femur to form the hip joint?
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acetabulum
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largest of the 3 divisions of the hip bones, located superior to the acetabulum
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ilium
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where is the ischium is relation to the acetabulum?
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inferior and posterior
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the pubis is located ___ and ____ to the acetabulum
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inferior and anterior
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the iliac crest extend from the ____ to the ____.
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ASIS, PSIS
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below the ASIS is a less prominent projection referred to as?
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anterior inferior iliac spine
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two important positioning landmarks of the pelvis?
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iliac crest and ASIS
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each ishium is divided into?
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a body and a ramus
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superior to the ischial spine is a deep notch termed?
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greater sciatic notch
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the 2 superior rami meet in the midline to form?
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symphysis pubis (amphiarthrodial joint)
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largest foramen in the human skeleton?
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obturator foramen
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the greater trochanter is at the same level as the?
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symphysis pubis
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what divides the pelvic area into 2 cavities?
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brim
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area superior to pelvic brim?
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greater or false pelvis
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area inferior to pelvic brim?
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lesser of true pelvis
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what pelvis form the actual birth canal?
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true pelvis
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the outlet (inferior aperture) of the true pelvis is defined by?
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2 ischial tuberosities and the tip of the coccyx
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the area between the inlet and outlet of the true pelvis is termed?
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cavity of the true pelvis
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pelvis that is narrower, deeper, and less flared
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male
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pelvis that is wider, with the ilia more flared and more shallow from front to back
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female
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angle of pubic arch for males?
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acute angle less than 90 degrees
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angle of female pubic arch?
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obtuse angle greater than 90 degrees
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joint type: sacroiliac
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amphiarthrodial
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joint type: symphysis pubis
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cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial
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joint type: union of acetabulum
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cartilaginous, synarthrodial (for adults)
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joint type: hip joint
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synovial diarthrodial spheroidal (ball and socket)
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long axes of foot externally rotated indicates what?
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hip fracture
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where is shielding for males placed?
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inferior margin of symphysis pubis
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patients who have undergone hip replacement surgery should not be placed in the _____ position
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frog leg
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disease that is the most common type of aseptic or ischemic necrosis, involves head and neck of femur and occurs frequently in 5-10 year old boys
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legg-calve-perthes disease
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what angle is the tube for a patients knee measuring less than 19cm?
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3-5 caudad (thin thighs and butt)
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what angle is the tube for a patients knee measuring 19-24 cm?
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zero angle
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what angle is the tube for a patient with a knee measuring greater than 24 cm?
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3-5 cephalad (thick thighs and butt)
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