Rad 119 Pathology Chapers 1 & 2

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the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structue or function of various organ systems

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pathology

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represent the measurable or objective manifestations of the disease process

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signs

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the experience the patient feels and describes and are subjective are called

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symptoms

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adverse patient conditions caused by physicians and their treatment are know as

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iatrogenic

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incidences of infectioins being developed at the acute care facitity are called

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nosocomial

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incidences of infections developed outside the healthcare facility are called

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community acquired

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in some cases the underlying cause is unknown, and the disease is termed

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idiopathic

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is the initial response of body tissues to local injury

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acute inflammation

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the inflammatory response consists of 4 overapping events are

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alterations in blood flow, migration of circulating blood cells, phagocytosis & enzymatic digestion of dead cells, & repair of injury

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produces the heat and redness associated with inflammation

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hyperemia

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allowing passage of protein-rich plasma across vessel walls into the interstitium

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permeable

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results in the swelling associated with inflammation with produces pressure on sensitive nerve endings

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inflammatory exudate

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a low-protein fluid such as that seen in the pulmoary edema that develops in CHF

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transudate inflammatory

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when white blood cells cross the capillary walls into the injured tissues & engulf & enzymatically digest infecting organisms and cellular debris is called

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phagocytosis

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T/F Myocardial infarction cannot heal by regeneration

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true

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a fibrous scar replaces the area of destroyed tissue with

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granulation tissue

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excessive amounts of collagen may produce a protruding, tumorlike scar called

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keloid

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5 clinical signs of acute inflammation are

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rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function

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bacteria that leads to the production of pus containing dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudate, & bacteria

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pyogenic

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when a pyogenic infection occurs beneath the skin or in a solid organ it produces a localized, encapsulated, collection of pus

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abscess

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the specific inflammation associated with pus formation is

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suppurative

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all pyogens have the ability to invade blood vessels to produce

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bacteremia

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is the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

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edema

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generalized edema occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body

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anasarca

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the general accumulation of fluid throughout the body is

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anasarca

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localized edema is termed

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elephantiasis

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refers to an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the organ's cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients

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ischemia

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tissue death is AKA

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necrosis

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is a localized area of ischemic necrosis w/i a tissue or organ caused by vascular supply or drainage is an

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infarct

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implies rupture of a blood vessel

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hemorrhage

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hemorrhage may be external or the blood may be trapped w/i body tissues resulting in a

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hematoma

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a large subcutaneous hematoma or bruise is called an

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ecchymosis

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a trophy refers to a reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, resulting in a decrease in function

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atrophy

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refers to an increas in the size of cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function

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hypertrophy

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an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

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hyperplasia

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is a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

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dysplasia

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is generally considered potentially premalignant, a borderline lesion that may heal or progress to cancer

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dysplasia

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meaning "new growth"

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neoplasia

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refers to an abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells

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neoplasia

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the study of neoplasms is called

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oncology (came from Greek word oncos, meaning tumor)

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tumors that closely resemble their cells of origin in structure and function

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benign

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neopasms invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites, causing death

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malignant

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are collectively referred to as cancers

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malignant tumors

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all tumors, benign & malignant, have 2 basic components

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the parenchyma and the supporting stroma

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their names come from adding the suffix -oma to the cell type form which the tumor arose

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benign

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benign epithelial neoplasms that grow in glandlike patterns is called

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adenoma

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malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called

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carcinomas

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are highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissues such as bone, muscle, & cartilage

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sarcomas

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difficulty in swallowing is called

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dysphagia

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tumors that closely resemble their cells of origin in structure and function

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benign

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malignant neoplasms disseminate to distant sites by one of 3 pathways

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seeding w/i body cavities, lymphatic spread, and hematogenous spread

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is the major metastatic route of carcinomas, especially those of the lung and breast

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lymphatic spread

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assessing tumor aggressiveness or degree of malignancy

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grading

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is the tumor extensiveness at the primary site and the presence or absence of metastases

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staging

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pass from one generation to the next through the genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell

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hereditary diseases

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the most common hereditary abnormality is an

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enzyme deficiency

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are alterations in the DNA structure that may become prermanent herediatry changes if they affect the gonadal cells

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mutations

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a powerful defense against invading organisms by allowing it to recognize foreign substances called

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antigens

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a person forms antibodies to counteract an antigen in the form of a vaccine or a toxoid

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active immunity

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consists of a low dose of dead or deactivated bacteria or viruses

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vaccine

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a chemically altered toxin, the poisonous material produced by a pathogenic organism

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toxoid

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generalized or systemic reations are characterized by hypotension and vascular collapse (shock)

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anaphylactic