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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Susie Guillory Phipps
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Unsuccessfully sued Louisianan bureau of vital records for not changing her race classification form black to white
-Was descendant of eighteen century planter and black slave -Law stated anyone with at least one-thirty-second “negro blood” to be black |
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Monogenesis
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Theory that God made only one species of humanity
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Family of man
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-Theory that all men are the same, or at least come from the same “family”
-Count Arthur de Gobineau cmposed four volume essays on the inequality of races (1853-1855) -Believed that superior races produce superior cultures and that racial intermixtures result in the degradation of the superior racial stock |
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Max Weber
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-Discounted biological explanations for racial conflict
-Instead highlighted social and political factors -Regard race as social subject |
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Eugenics
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-Had immense impact on scientific and sociopolitical thought in Europe and the
United States -Attempts to discern scientific meaning of race |
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Francis Galton
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-Inspired eugenics movement
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Great Chain of Being
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Which races were closer to god and which to apes?
-Grand hierarchy starting with inanimate objects, up through the lowest forms of life, through “man”, and culminating with God (the creator) |
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Hypo-descent
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-One-drop rule
-One drop of black blood = Black -“An invention which we use in the United States have made on order to keep biological facts from intruding into our collective racist fantasies” |
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Racial formation
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-The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories, and by which they are I turn shaped by racial meaning
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Racial etiquette
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-A set of interpretive coeds and racial meanings which operate in the interactions of daily life
-Rules shaped by our perspective on race in a comprehensively racial society determine the “presentation of self”, distinctions of status, and appropriate modes of conduct |
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D.W. Grifith
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-Creator of Birth of Nation
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Birth of a Nation
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-Sympathetic treatment of the rise of the Ku Klux Klan during reconstruction
-Film helped generate, consolidate, and nationalize images of blacks |
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Uncle Tom (Cabin)
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-Revealed the facts about racism
-People thought slaves were happy living on plantations, Uncle Toms Cabin showed the reality -Important film on changing America’s views on Slavery -In 20th Century -Blacks see Uncle Tom as sell out |
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T.D. Rice
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- Stared Minstrel shows
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Sambo
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-Popular character depicted as carefree, sloppy, child like.
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Minstrels
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-Began in 1830’s
-White man dressed up to imitate “Black” music and dance -It was a chance for white people to play out their anxieties and fears of black culture -Three main characters -Jim crow = Carefree slave -Mr. Tambo = Happy musician -Zip coon = freed slave trying to climb social latter |
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Jim Crow
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-A character making fun of blacks
-(Dance) created by crippled man trying to dance -Character shown with torn clothes -Exaggerated dance steps/ sloppy and floppy -Eventually began to mean “Negro” -Describes racial segregation used throughout communities -Segregation sanctioned, supported by state and local laws |
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Zip Coon
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-Figure emerging from south.
-A black man making fun of whites - Provided comedic relief to whites -Portrayed as buffoon -Zip coon = one caricature -Coon = entire group of African Americans (label) |
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Mammy
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-Shown as loyal, protective, and docile of the white house
-Often Shown with bandana -Mammy shown as stronger than the male in family -Opposite of normal portray of man (family role) |
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Thomas Dixen
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-Made the clansmen (novel)
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The Clansman
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-KKK
-Unapologetic novel about the Klan -Supports the KKK -D.W. Grith put novel on film (captured the fears) “Birth of Nation” -Fears = black domination by whites -Questions (political) -Social (black men stealing white women |
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Brutes
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-White folks dressing up as black men
-Depiction of “black” men throwing white women off cliff -In Movies |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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-Beginning of the process of freeing slaves
-Issued Sept. 22nd 1862 -Freed slaves in Confederate states fighting against the Union -Union = North Confederate = South -Did not free all slaves/ very limited |
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Birth of Nation
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-Not possible until Dixen
-Movie by D.W. Grith |
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Reconstruction
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-1866-1877
-Period after civil war -Government led initiatives follows Lincolns act of freeing slaves -South divided into states -Some black men began to vote, elected to office, and establish community resources |
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Black face minstrels
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-Originated in 1789
-Popularized early 1800’s -By masquerading actor under name Jim Crow -White actors acted black by painting face black -Used burnt and moistened champagne corks for ‘black’ face paint -Songs/roles performed in “black” dialect -Popularized the “darky” character -Big eyes/ lips |
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Pickaninnies
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-Black children
-Shown as dirty and un-kept -Attempting to portray a savage |
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The Great Migration
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-Thousands of African Americans migrated from south to north (1920’s)
-Typically to large cities -African Americans looking to escape problems of racism in south |
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Race riots
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-After great migration
-Whites came home from war/ jobs were taken by blacks -Very angry -Chicago 1919 (example) -AKA red summer because so many blacks were lynched |
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Bert Williams
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- Black face Minstrel performer
-Black (skin color) -Spoke perfect English, but had to change dialect to sound more stereotypically “black” |
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Al Jolson
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-Did black face minstrels
-A white man |
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Uncle Remus
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-Elderly slave
-Shown as very content with slave plantation life -Can be found on syrup containers (example) -Commodity racism |
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New Negro
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-Response to picture of old Negro
-Happy-go-lucky…etc. -After WWI, rebirth of African image -Assertion of Civil Rights |
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Emperor Jones
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-Idea of noble savagery
-Film -Presents males as strong and brut |
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Noble savage
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-Wanting to be Americans and break into society
-Show as savage like in film -Bert Williams -Offing up hope to whites, saying slavery is OK |
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Black Art Repertory Theatre/School
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-Created by Amiri Baraka
-Group produced plays trying to raise black audience |
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Melville Herskovits
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-Wrote the myth of the Negro past
-Main points of book = that most attitudes, customs, and cultural characteristics of the American Negro can be traced directly, or indirectly, back to Africa |
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Slyvia Robinson/Amina Baraka
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Acculturation
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Call-and-response
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-In song
-In drum -In church -Amen, Halleluiah |
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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-About a young black man who is riding a train up north, he was told by the conductor to move to the back of the train. He sued the train company
-He lost/ court believed as long as the facilities were equal, people could have separate facilities based on color -Plessy did not look black/ decendant -Equality = access (not dignity or respect) |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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-Beginning of the process of freeing slaves
-Issued Sept. 22nd 1862 -Freed slaves in Confederate states fighting against the Union -Union = North Confederate = South -Did not free all slaves/ very limited |
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13th Amendment
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-Abolished slavery
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14th Amendment
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-Gives slaves citizenship
-Equal protection clause -Former slaves not be harassed -Treated fair -Due process clause -Gave blacks a voice -When testifying did not need a master to help |
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15th Amendment
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right to vote
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Freedman’s Bureau
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-Supervised relief for slaves
-Created schools -Made ravaged land (old war territories) into classroom |
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Minstrel Show
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-Began in 1830’s
-White man dressed up to imitate “Black” music and dance -It was a chance for white people to play out their anxieties and fears of black culture -Three main characters -Jim crow = Carefree slave -Mr. Tambo = Happy musician -Zip coon = freed slave trying to climb social latter |
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Jim Crow
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-Jim Crow from 1880’s into the 1960’s
-Most American states enforced laws -Jim Crow was “defacto”, practiced outside the law, in everyday life -Etiquette of Jim Crow -Blacks and whites could not eat together -Backs sound not shake hands with whites (implies equality) -Under no circumstances could a black man offer to light a female’s cigarette (it implies intimacy) -Black were introduced to whites (not other way around) -All blacks had to use courtesy titles (Mr. and Mrs.) - Blacks could not show affection, kissing, in public (was considered offensive) -All blacks had to sit in Jim Crow section of trains |
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Mr. Tambo
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Musical Sambo
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Bessie Smith
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-One of the greatest blues singers of 1920’s
-Rough, crude, loved gin -Born in Tennessee -Sometime between 1894-1900 -Made her start as street musician in Chattanooga until singer Ma Rainey discovered her -Her music remained outside the mainstream of America, but it was much closer than any Negro music before it. |
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Billie Holiday
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-AKA “Lady Day”
-Began making records in 1935 with Teddy Wilson (A&R) -Joined Artie Shaw’s band becoming one of the first black singers to be in a white orchestra -Due to Jim Crow in the south, Billie found it difficult to tour in some places/ she couldn’t use the front door -Decided to leave and pursue a solo career |
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Ma Rainey
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-1886 to 1939
-Born into showbiz family that preformed minstrel shows -First appeared on stage on 1900 -Married the song and dance man “Pa” Rainey -Became know as Ma Rainey -Signed recording contract in 1923, billed the “Mother of Blues” |
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Boll Weevil
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-Infested southern cotton on the late 1910’s
-Forced people to search for other work -Black could take service jobs that were vacated, due to war |
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Harlem Renaissance
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-Began in 1924
-Many opportunities -Magazine hosted a party for black writers with many white publishers -Ending in 1929 - Year of the stock market crash (results in great depression) -It was a cultural nationalistic movement caused by great migration -“Something like a spiritual emancipation” -Was a literally and intellectually flowering that created a new identity for blacks -“Spiritual coming of age” in which the lack community was able to seize upon its “first chances for group expression and self determination” -H.R. transformed American Culture in general |
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W.E.B Du Bois
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-Thought education could help improvement of African Americans
-NAACP -(Example) He read at library to help promote education |
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Marcus Garvey
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-Started back to Africa movement
-Thought if we can’t make it here we should go back to Africa - Never actually went back, but started big African awareness movement |
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Race records
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-Mainly blues
-Represents music industry -Black artists recordings -Black people would wait outside record stores for hours to get album |
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Rent Paraties
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-Artist would have parties/meetings to discuss how they would pay rent for the month
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Boogie Woogie
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chap 12?
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Duke Ellington
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Louis Armstrong
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Swing
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-Late 1930’s to 1940’s
-AKA “big band” or “dance band” -Largest group -Considered POPULAR MUSIC -Sections instead of individual instruments -Saxophone section -Trumpet section -Trombone section |
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Big Joe Turner
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Mississippi Delta Blues
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-Originated in the cotton fields and plantations towns of Mississippi delta
-Songs are generally about everyday life and the hardship suffered by blacks -Typically just vocals and acoustic guitar -Guitars often played “slide” style (with a bottle neck knife) |
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Robert Johnson
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-1911-1938
-“King of Delta Blues” -Father of “Rock n Roll” - Known for great guitar technique and a dark and somewhat disturbing emotional vocal quality -Early in his life he was considered pretty unremarkable (young age) -Disappears for a period of time during the early depression, wandering the railways -When he came back home he was a completely different player -Legend says that he sold his sold to the Devil to play so well |
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B.B. King
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--1925
-Born in Mississippi he moved to Memphis in 1949 - Known as both a soulful and technically facile player -King had hug influence on blues and rock guitarists |
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Muddy Waters
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-1915 to 1983
-Influential for “urbanizing” the blues by adding electric guitar and distorted/amplified harmonica -Very influential to many rock artists |
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Syncopation
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Rhythm created within as accident on the non-dominate down beat
-Described as finding the “finding the rhythm between the beats” |
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Improvisation
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-Movement that is created spontaneously occurring with free or highly structured environments, but always with an element of chance
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Zoot Suits
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-Men took their fashion ideas from the sports or gangster hero of the day. Men wanted to appear “dapper”. Baggy pants, polished shoes, and a handkerchief in the pocket let others know that this man was someone to pay attention to. The baggy zoot suits were worn for fancy occasions.
-Big shoulder -Baggy pants -African-American flamboyant colors |
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Bebop
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-1940’s
-More complex music for smaller groups -Basic instrumentals and format same as big band -Back to improvisation, less unison -Meant for listening, not dancing (more irregular time/ style changes) -More sophisticated harmonies |
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Dixieland Jazz
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-1920’s to 1930’s
-Began in New Orleans -Typically small groups -Variations were typical -Characteristic sound derived from combination of instruments (timbre) |
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Social constructionism
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Race doesn't = essance
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The Jazz Singer
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