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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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structure
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Physiology
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function of
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Pathology
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study of disease
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Levels Of Organization:
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Chemicals form cells
Cells form tissues Tissues form organs Organs form body systems Body systems form the Human Body |
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Homeostasis
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balance
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Ph levels
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7.35 - 7.45
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pro/gin
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an inactive precursor
an enzyme acts on it to make it active |
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Positive feedback
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continues until an outside event stops it or it runs out of what is feeding it
Oxytocin/labor Blood clotting |
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Negative feedback
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Promotes homeostasis
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Systems for Protection, Support, and Movement
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Integumentary system: skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Skeletal system: 206 bones and joints collectively known as a skeleton Muscular system: muscles attatch to the bones and produce movement, give structure, protect organs, maintain structure types: smooth, cardiac) |
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Metabolism
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all life sustaining reactions that occur within the body
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Anabolism
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build up, repair, needs protein to function (stringing of amino acids to form a protein)
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Catabolism
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breaks down into simpler compounds, building blocks and energy to power cellular acticities; breaking down of sugars
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meta
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change
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Fluid balance
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extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid
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Feedback
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main method of maintaining homeostasis, control system based on information returning
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Positive Feedback
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when the body does something to maintain homeostasis (birth process)
hemostatic (stopping bleeding) |
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Negative Feedback
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when something is done to get back to homeostasis
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Anatomical position:
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body standing upright with face front and hands with palms forward, feet parallell
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Superior
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above or higher (from midline)
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Inferior
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below or lower
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Ventral/anterior
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towards front of the body
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Dorsal/posterior
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towardsback of the body
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Cranial
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near the head
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Caudal
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near the sacral region of the spinal column (tail)
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Medial
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toward the midline of the body; divided into left and right portions
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Lateral
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farther away from the midline toward the side
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Planes of division:
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Frontal plane/coronal plane
Sagittal plane Transverse/horizontal plane |
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Cross section
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horizontal slice
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Longitudinal
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long wise
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Oblique Section
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angled slice
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Blood serves the body in 3 ways:
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Transportation
Regulation Protection |
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Transportation:
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Gases (O2, CD)
Nutrients (vitamins/electrolytes) Waste (kidneys, liver, lungs) Hormones (from sight of origin to organ) |
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Regulation:
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Fluid balance (maintain osmotic pressure)
pH Heat (temp regulation) |
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Protection:
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Desease (cells, antibodies
Blood Loss (blood clotting) |
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Whole blood breakdown:
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Plasma 55%
Formed Elements 45% |
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Plasma breakdown:
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Water 91%
Proteins 8% Other 1% |
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Formed elements breakdown:
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Erythrocytes 99.1%
Leukocytes 0.9% |
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Formed Elements:
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cells, cell fragments
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Plasma:
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liquid portion of the blood
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Erythrocytes
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transport O2
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Leukocytes
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protect against infection
5,000 -10,000 |
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Platelets
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cell fragments that clot blood
150,000 -450,000 |
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Albumin
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most abundant protein in plasma
maintains osmotic pressure made in the liver |
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Compliment
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group of enzymes that help antibodies
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antibodies
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made by certain white blood cells to fight infection
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clotting factors
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made by the liver
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Nutrients:
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glucose
lipids amino acids electrlytes |
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Glucose
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most abundant carb
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Amino acid
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main product of protein digestion
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Electrolytes
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form bone, certain hormones and maintain pH
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Formed elements are produced in:
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the red bone marrow
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hematopoetic
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blood forming;
short lived can develop into anything (stem cells) |
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Erythrocytes are:
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bi concave
anuclear (mature cells) red blood cells are most numerous contains hemoglobin |
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(Granulocytes) Neurtophils:
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lavender stained
premature neutrophils - bands (Increased # where there are infections) |
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(Granulocytes) Eosinophils
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bright pink
(allergic reactions) (defense against parasites) |
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(Granulocytes) Basophils:
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dark blue stained
(allergic reactions) (anti-inflammatory reactions) |
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Carbon Monoxide
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red blood cells usually live 120 days- destroyed by liver or spleen - converted into bile
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Platelets:
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essential to blood coagulation
plug up a leak not cells no nuclei no DNA |
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Homeostasis:
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the process that prevents blood loss from circulation
the first step in vasoconstriction |
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vasoconstriction:
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constriction of muscles in the blood vessels - reduces blood flow
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injury - prothrombinase - prothrombin -thrombin -
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fibrinogen - fibrin - froms network of threads to form a clot
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plasma =
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serum + clotting factors
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serum =
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plasma - clotting factors
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procoagulant
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promotes coagulation
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anticoagulant
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precents coagulation
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Type O:
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Universal Donor
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What determines the blood type in typing:
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the anti-serum
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Rh blood type
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has D antigen
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Rh incompatability can lead to
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hemolytic diseas of new borns
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Rh+
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can receive Rh- blood with no problem
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Rh- blood cannot receive:
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Rh+ blood (sensitized)
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viscosity
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thick blood
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Blood can be saved:
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35 DAYS
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Whole blood transfusions:
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for large volume of blood loss
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Hemaphoresis:
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blood removed from donor/ specific component removed/then returned
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Plasmapheresis:
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plasma removed/remainder replaced
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Use of Plasma:
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replace blood
volume/prevent circulatory failure (shock) |
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Blood disorders:
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Anemia
Leukemia Clotting Disorders |
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Anemia:
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abnormally low level of
hemoglobin or red blood cells impaired delivery of O2 to tissues |
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Leukemia:
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a form of anemia
neoplastic blood disease characterized by increased WBC |
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Clotting disorders:
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abnormal tendency to bleed due to breakdown in platelets/clotting factors
Hemopheliacs |
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Hemorrhagic anemia:
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sudden/acute/causes death/
bleeding ulcers/excessive menstral flow, bleeding hemorrhiods |
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Sickle cell anemia
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Hemolytic anemia
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Hematocrit
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volume % of RBC in whole blood
capillary puncture |
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Hematocrit Levels:
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Male 42-54%
Female 36-46% |
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Hemoglobin Levels:
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Male 14 -16 Hb/dL
Female 12 - 15 Hb/dL |
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Blood cell counts:
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RBC - 4.5 - 5.5 million
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Bone Marrow disorders:
WBC |
5,000 - 10,000 per mL
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Leukepenia:
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WBC below 5,000 depressed bone marrow
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Leukocytes:
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WBC above 10,000 indication of bacterial infection
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Normal Platelet Count:
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150,000 - 450,000 per mL
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Bone marrow biopsy is used to:
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diagnosis bone marrow disorders
leukemia anemia |
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Blood chemistry tests:
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Electrolytes
Blood glucose BUN Creatine Enzymes Lipids Plasma proteins Hormones Vitamins Antibodies |
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2 kinds of Leukemia:
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Myleogenous - bone marrow cancer
Lymphocytic - lymphoid tissue cancer |
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Differential WBC:
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% of different types of white cells found on a smear
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Erythrocytes
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Red Blood Cells
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells
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