Quiz #6 Immune System, Eye/ear, Nervous System

Front 1

Colonization initially occurs on _____.

Followed by ______.

Back 1

skin, umbilical cord, genitals

eyes, throat, nares

Front 2

Stage 1 of GI tract colonization

Back 2

birth to 1 week of age

contact organisms

Front 3

Stage 2 of GI tract colonization

Back 3

Diet

breastmilk maintains acid environment, which prevents growth of acid sensitive bacteria

protects from gram pos/neg organisms

Front 4

most common probiotics

Back 4

bifidobacterium

lactobacilus

Front 5

limitations of PMNs (6)

Back 5

1.) decreased chemotaxis

2.) decreased opsonization

3.) decreased phagocytosis

4.) decreased macrophage activity

5.) decreased natural killer cells

6.) unable to increase neutrophil production

Front 6

Immunoglobulins that cross placenta

Back 6

IgG, esp IgG1 and IgG3

cross placenta in 3rd month (16weeks) and increase until term

Front 7

purpose of IgG1 and IgG3

Back 7

opsonization

Front 8

IgA

Back 8

does not cross placenta, but present in fetus about 30 weeks

after birth, comes from breast milk

Front 9

IgA is present in tears, saliva, intestinal mucosa by ____ weeks

Back 9

33

Front 10

Only ______ immunoglobulins are directly responsible for antibodies against most common organisms causing neonatal sepsis

Back 10

IgM and IgA

Front 11

IgE production begins at ____ weeks.

Back 11

12

Front 12

IgE is responsible for ____

Back 12

allergic reactions

Front 13

Fetus can produce IgM to TORCH organisms by ____ weeks

Back 13

19-20

Front 14

IgM is secreted by ____.

Back 14

B lymphocytes

Front 15

which is the major immunoglobulin synthesized in the first month of life?

Back 15

IgM

Front 16

IgG purpose

Back 16

immunity to gram negative organisms and virus

Front 17

IgA purpose

Back 17

localized immunity in the GI and respiratory tract

Front 18

IgM purpose

Back 18

protection agains blood born infections

Front 19

Most common lymphokine

Back 19

interleukin 1

Front 20

purpose of interleukin 1 (2)

Back 20

1.) activates helper t cells

2.) produces fever

Front 21

Do T cells cross placenta?

When are they produced?

Back 21

No, they do not cross the placenta.

Immunity can take 4-6 weeks after birth.

Front 22

Complement proteins are made in the ____.

Back 22

Liver

Front 23

Gram positive cocci (2)

Back 23

1.) Streptococcus (A,B,D) pneumoniae

2.) Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis

Front 24

Gram negative cocci (3)

Back 24

1.) Neisseria meningitidis

2.) N. gonorrhaea

3.) branhamella catarrhalis

Front 25

Gram positive rods (3)

Back 25

1.) Listeria

2.) C diff

3.) c botulinum

Front 26

Gram negative rods(7)

Back 26

1.) E coli

2.) klebsiella

3.) Shigella

4.) Salmonella

5.) H. flu

6.) Pseudomonas

7.) Citrobacter

Front 27

Risk of infection decreases after ______.

Back 27

2-3 months of age

Front 28

Formation of the neural tube begins:

Back 28

4th week

Front 29

Somites become:

Back 29

skeleton, vertebral column, muscles, dermis of neck/trunk

Front 30

cranial portion of neural tube closes on what day

Back 30

25th

Front 31

caudal part of neural tube closes on what day

Back 31

2 days after cranial (27)

Front 32

Occipital somites (first 4 pair)

Back 32

eyes, ears, muscles of tongue

Front 33

Cervical somites (next 8 pair)

Back 33

occipital bone, cervical vertebrae, dermis of neck

Front 34

Thoracic somites (next 12 pair)

Back 34

muscles/bone of thorax, abdominal wall

Front 35

Lumbar somites (5 pair)

Back 35

abdominal muscle

Front 36

Sacral somites (5 pair)

Back 36

dermis/musculature

Front 37

Coccygeal somites (3 pair)

Back 37

coccyx

Front 38

Neural crest cells become:

Back 38

migrate to diverse locations of the body

initiates development of sensory and autonomic nerves

Front 39

3 layers of neural tube

Back 39

1.) ventricular zone (inner)

2.) Intermediate zone (mantle)

3.) Marginal zone

Front 40

Ventricular zone contains: (2)

Back 40

1.) neuroblasts

2.) glioblasts

Front 41

Neuroblasts

Back 41

future nerve cells

Front 42

Glioblasts

Back 42

future supporting cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes)

Front 43

Marginal zone contains: (2)

Back 43

1.) white matter of spinal cord

2.) axons grow into in from nerve cells in spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and brain

Front 44

Intermediate zone purpose

Back 44

area where neurons develop

Front 45

sulcus limitans

Back 45

groove that separates cells into the walls of neural tube, located on each side of the neural tube

Front 46

cells dorsal of the SC sulcus limitans

Back 46

"alar plate"

development of sensory neurons

Front 47

cells ventral to SC sulcus limitans

Back 47

"basal plate"

form motor neurons, ventral and lateral gray horns, spinal nerves

Front 48

3 layers of spinal meninges

Back 48

1.) dura mater (external)

2.) pia mater (internal)

3.) arachnoid mater (middle)

Front 49

Which layer of the meninges former the CSF cavity?

Back 49

pia mater. impermeable to fluid

Front 50

CSF begins to form in the ____ week.

Back 50

5th

Front 51

When does myelinization begin?

Back 51

2nd trimester

Front 52

Where does myelinization first appear?

Back 52

PNS - motor before sensory

CNS - sensory before motor

Front 53

Myelin is a _____

Back 53

lipoprotein

Front 54

myelinization is associated with ____ (2)

Back 54

1.) cognition

2.) learning development

Front 55

Myelin sheathes are formed by ____

Back 55

oligodendrocytes

Front 56

Purpose of schwann cells

Back 56

myelin sheathes that wrap around axons on PERIPHERAL nerves

Front 57

What part of the neural tube becomes the brain?

Back 57

cranial to the 4th pair of somites

Front 58

3 primary brain vesicles

Back 58

1.) forebrain

2.) midbrain

3.) hindbrain

Front 59

forebrain AKA

Back 59

prosencephalon

Front 60

midbrain AKA

Back 60

mesencephalon

Front 61

hindbrain AKA

Back 61

rhombencephalon

Front 62

The forebrain divides into __(2)____ in the _____ week.

Back 62

1.) telencephalon (anterior)

2.) diencephalon (posterior)

5th week

Front 63

Telencephalon becomes

Back 63

cerebral hemispheres (cortex, olfactory system)

Front 64

Diencephalon becomes (2)

Back 64

thalamus

hypothalamus

Front 65

Hindbrain divides into (3)

Back 65

1.) myelencephalon (caudal)

2.) metencephalon (rostral)

3.) cavity of hindbrain

Front 66

Myelencephalon becomes

Back 66

medulla oblongata

Front 67

Metencephalon becomes

Back 67

pons and cerebellum

Front 68

Cavity of hindbrain becomes

Back 68

4th ventricle

Front 69

The ____ secretes CSF

Back 69

choroid plexus

Front 70

The cavities of the telencephalon and diencephalon contribute to the formation of the:

Back 70

3rd ventricle

Front 71

The Posterior Pituitary secretes

Back 71

oxytocin

ADH

Front 72

The first snaps appears at _____ GA

Back 72

8-9 weeks

Front 73

Cortical synapses appear at ____

Back 73

23 weeks

Front 74

Tight junctions can be altered by (3)

Back 74

1.) asphyxia

2.) hemorrhage

3.) hypercarbia

Front 75

Factors that interfere with cerebral auto regulation (3)

Back 75

1.) hypoxemia

2.) hypercarbia

3.) acidosis

Front 76

2 ares of brain most susceptible to damage

Back 76

1.) subependymal germinal matrix

2.) periventricular white matter

Front 77

_____ areas of the brain are less sensitive

Back 77

grey matter

Front 78

HIE causes damage to

Back 78

cerebral cortex

- cerebrum

- cerebellum

- brain stem

RESULT: edema

Front 79

The eyes are developed from 4 structures:

Back 79

1.) neuroectoderm of the forebrain

2.) surface ectoderm of the head

3.) mesoderm between 1 and 2

4.) neural crest cells

Front 80

First evidence of eyes occurs at ____ GA

Back 80

22 days

Appear in the neural fold

Front 81

The neuroectoderm of the forebrain develops into what portions of the eye? (3)

Back 81

1.) retina

2.) posterior layers of the iris

3.) optic nerve

Front 82

The surface ectoderm becomes what portions of the eye? (2)

Back 82

1.) lens

2.) corneal epithelium

Front 83

The mesoderm becomes what portion of the eye? (1)

Back 83

fibrous and vascular coats of the eye

Front 84

The neural crest cells become what portions of the eye? (3)

Back 84

1.) Choroid

2.) Sclera

3.) Corneal endothelium

Front 85

In what week does melanin pigment the retina?

Back 85

6th

Front 86

The optic cup becomes the ____.

Back 86

Retina

Front 87

The optic stalk becomes the ___.

Back 87

Optic nerve

Front 88

The optic nerve has 3 sheathes:

Back 88

1.) outer from dura mater (thick/fibrous)

2.) intermediate from arachnoid mater (thin)

3.) Inner from pia mater (vascular)

Front 89

Neonates are _____ sighted

Back 89

far

Front 90

Detachment of the retina occurs in what syndromes

Back 90

Down

Marfan

Front 91

Coloboma occurs in what month

Back 91

2nd

Front 92

How common are colhbomas?

Are they hereditary?

Back 92

1/10K

autosomal dominant

Front 93

Cyclopia inheritance

Back 93

recessive

Front 94

Cause of coloboma

Back 94

alcohol

Front 95

Microphthalmia occurs in what week?

Back 95

4th

Front 96

Causes of microphthalmia

Back 96

1.)Autosomal dominant, recessive or X linked

2) Infections (toxoplasmosis, HSV)

Front 97

Color of iris is definitive by

Back 97

6-10 months

Front 98

pigment containing cells are called

Back 98

chromatophores

Front 99

congenital glaucoma causes

Back 99

genetic

rubella early in pregnancy

Front 100

Causes of congenital cataracts

Back 100

1.) genetic (dominant)

2.) Rubella (4th-7th week)

3.) Enzyme deficiency (galactosemia)

Front 101

The eyelids develop in the ____ week

Back 101

6th week

Front 102

The eyelids are derived from the

Back 102

neural crest cells and 2 folds of ectoderm that grow over the cornea

Front 103

Eyelids are fused:

Back 103

from 8th week until 26-28 weeks

Front 104

The cornea develops from:

Back 104

external corneal epithelium

connective tissue from the mesoderm

neural crest cells

Front 105

Muscles of the eye come from the ___ pharyngeal arch

Back 105

2nd

Front 106

The muscles of the eye are supplied by Cranial nerve ___.

Back 106

7

Front 107

The lacrimal glands do not function fully until

Back 107

6 weeks

Front 108

Tears are not present until what age

Back 108

1-3 months

Front 109

3 parts of the ear

Back 109

1.) external ear (pinna, acoustic passage, eardrum)

2.) middle ear (3 ear bones, tympanic membrane)

3,) internal ear ( hearing and balance)

Front 110

2 portions of inner ear

Back 110

1.) utricular portion (semicurcular ducts)

2.) saccular portion (cochlear ducts, cochlea)

Front 111

Template for 3 middle ear bones comes from

Back 111

first 2 pharyngeal arches

Front 112

The smallest, lightest bone in the body

Back 112

stapes

Front 113

Main growth of the eustachian tube occurs

Back 113

16-28 weeks

Front 114

comparison of adult and infant eustachian tube

Back 114

infants is shorter, more narrow, horizontal, opened by single muscle

adult is longer, wider, 45 degrees, opened by 2 muscles

Front 115

The external ear develops from the

Back 115

1st pharyngeal groove

Front 116

The external ear is plugged until the ___ week

Back 116

28th

Front 117

Preauricular sinus may be assoc with

Back 117

deafness and kidney malformation

Front 118

Preauricular sinus is caused by a defect of the _______ during the ____ week.

Back 118

1st pharyngeal arch

6th week

Front 119

Ear tags

Back 119

typically inherited trait