Quiz 5

Front 1

aden/o

Back 1

gland

Front 2

adren/o, adrenal/o

Back 2

adrenal gland

Front 3

andr/o

Back 3

male

Front 4

crin/o

Back 4

to secrete

Front 5

dips/o

Back 5

thirst

Front 6

gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

Back 6

glucose (sugar)

Front 7

hormon/o

Back 7

hormone (an urging on)

Front 8

ket/o, keton/o

Back 8

ketone bodies

Front 9

pancreat/o

Back 9

pancreas

Front 10

thym/o

Back 10

thymus gland

Front 11

thyr/o, thyroid/o

Back 11

thyroid gland (shield)

Front 12

aque/o

Back 12

water

Front 13

blephar/o

Back 13

eyelid

Front 14

conjunctiv/o

Back 14

conjunctiva (to join together)

Front 15

corne/o, kerat/o

Back 15

cornea

Front 16

cycl/o

Back 16

circle, ciliary body

Front 17

ir/o, irid/o

Back 17

colored circle, iris

Front 18

lacrim/o, dacry/o

Back 18

tear

Front 19

ocul/o, ophthalm/o, opt/o

Back 19

eye

Front 20

phac/o, phak/o

Back 20

lens (lentil)

Front 21

phot/o

Back 21

light

Front 22

presby/o

Back 22

old age

Front 23

retin/o

Back 23

retina

Front 24

scler/o

Back 24

hard or sclera

Front 25

vitre/o

Back 25

glassy

Front 26

-opia (suffix)

Back 26

condition of vision

Front 27

acous/o, audi/o

Back 27

hearing

Front 28

aer/o

Back 28

air or gas

Front 29

aur/i, ot/o

Back 29

ear

Front 30

cerumin/o

Back 30

wax

Front 31

salping/o

Back 31

eustachian tube or uterine tube

Front 32

tympan/o, myring/o

Back 32

eardrum

Front 33

-acusis (suffix)

Back 33

hearing condition

Front 34

adrenal glands
suprarenal glands

Back 34

located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 35

steroid hormones

Back 35

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

Front 36

glucocorticoids

Back 36

regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid

Front 37

mineral corticosteroids

Back 37

maintain salt and water balance

Front 38

androgens

Back 38

influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice

Front 39

catecholamines

Back 39

hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

Front 40

epinephrine
adrenaline

Back 40

secreted in response to fear or physical injury

Front 41

norepinephrine

Back 41

secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress

Front 42

ovaries

Back 42

located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone

Front 43

estrogen

Back 43

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics

Front 44

progesterone

Back 44

regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy

Front 45

islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Back 45

endocrine tissue within the pancreas (the organ located behind the stomach, in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae); secretes insulin and glucagon

Front 46

insulin

Back 46

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin = island)

Front 47

glucagon

Back 47

a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar

Front 48

parathyroid glands

Back 48

two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone

Front 49

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 49

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Front 50

pineal gland

Back 50

located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin

Front 51

melatonin

Back 51

exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty

Front 52

serotonin

Back 52

a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin

Front 53

pituitary gland
hypophysis

Back 53

located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Front 54

anterior pituitary
adenohypophysis

Back 54

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 55

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 55

stimulates secretion from thyroid gland

Front 56

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 56

stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex

Front 57

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 57

initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males

Front 58

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 58

causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

Front 59

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Back 59

affects skin pigmentation

Front 60

growth hormone (GH)

Back 60

influences growth

Front 61

prolactin
lactogenic hormone

Back 61

stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy

Front 62

posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis

Back 62

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 63

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 63

influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

Front 64

oxytocin

Back 64

influences uterine contraction

Front 65

testes

Back 65

located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone

Front 66

testosterone

Back 66

affects masculinization and reproduction

Front 67

thymus gland

Back 67

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

Front 68

thymosin

Back 68

regulates immune response

Front 69

thyroid gland

Back 69

located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin

Front 70

triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4)

Back 70

known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism

Front 71

calcitonin

Back 71

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Front 72

anterior chamber

Back 72

fluid-filled space between the cornea and iris

Front 73

aqueous humor

Back 73

watery liquid secreted by the ciliary processes that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye and provides nourishment for the cornea, iris, and lens (humor = fluid)

Front 74

canal of Schlemm

Back 74

duct in the anterior chamber that carries filtered aqueous humor to the veins and bloodstream

Front 75

choroid

Back 75

vascular layer beneath the sclera that provides nourishment to the outer portion of the retina

Front 76

ciliary body

Back 76

ring of tissue behind the peripheral iris that is composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

Front 77

ciliary muscle

Back 77

smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body, which contracts to assist in near vision

Front 78

ciliary processes

Back 78

epithelial tissue folds on the inner surface of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor

Front 79

conjunctiva

Back 79

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball

Front 80

cornea

Back 80

transparent, anterior part of the eyeball covering the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber that functions to refract (bend) light to focus a visual image

Front 81

eyelid
palpebra

Back 81

movable, protective fold that opens and closes, covering the eye

Front 82

fovea centralis

Back 82

pinpoint depression in the center of the macula lutea that is the site of sharpest vision (fovea = pit)

Front 83

fundus

Back 83

interior surface of the eyeball, including the retina, optic disk, macula, and posterior pole (curvature at the back of the eye) (fundus = base)

Front 84

glands of Zeis

Back 84

oil glands surrounding the eyelashes

Front 85

meibomian glands

Back 85

oil glands located along the rim of the eyelids

Front 86

iris

Back 86

colored circle; colored part of the eye located behind the cornea that contracts and dilates to regulate light passing through the pupil

Front 87

lacrimal gland

Back 87

gland located in the upper outer region above the eyeball that secretes tears

Front 88

lacrimal ducts

Back 88

tubes that carry tears to the lacrimal sac

Front 89

lacrimal sac

Back 89

structure that collects tears before emptying into the nasolacrimal duct

Front 90

lens

Back 90

transparent structure behind the pupil that bends and focuses light rays on the retina

Front 91

lens capsule

Back 91

capsule that encloses the lens

Front 92

macula lutea

Back 92

central region of the retina; responsible for central vision; yellow pigment provides its color (lutea = yellow)

Front 93

nasolacrimal duct

Back 93

passageway for tears from the lacrimal sac into the nose

Front 94

optic disk

Back 94

exit site of retinal nerve fibers as well as entrance point for retinal arteries and exit point for retinal veins

Front 95

optic nerve

Back 95

nerve responsible for carrying impulses for the sense of sight from the retina to the brain

Front 96

posterior chamber

Back 96

space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous chamber; filled with aqueous humor

Front 97

pupil

Back 97

black, circular opening in the center of the iris through which light passes as it enters the eye

Front 98

retina

Back 98

innermost layer that perceives and transmits light to the optic nerve

Front 99

cones

Back 99

cone-shaped cells within the retina that are color sensitive and respond to bright light

Front 100

rods

Back 100

rod-shaped cells within the retina that respond to dim light

Front 101

sclera

Back 101

tough, fibrous, white outer coat extending from the cornea to the optic nerve

Front 102

trabecular meshwork

Back 102

mesh-like structure in the anterior chamber that filters the aqueous humor as it flows into the canal of Schlemm

Front 103

vitreous

Back 103

jelly-like mass filling the inner chamber between the lens and retina that gives bulk to the eye

Front 104

external ear

Back 104

outer structures of the ear that collect sound

Front 105

external auditory meatus or canal

Back 105

external passage for sounds collected from the pinna to the tympanum

Front 106

pinna

Back 106

auricle (little ear); projected part of the external ear (pinna = feather)

Front 107

cerumen

Back 107

a waxy substance secreted by glands located throughout the external canal

Front 108

middle ear

Back 108

structures in the middle of the ear that vibrate sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

Front 109

tympanic membrane

Back 109

eardrum; drum-like structure that receives sound collected in the external auditory canal and amplifies it through the middle ear

Front 110

malleus

Back 110

hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Front 111

incus

Back 111

anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Front 112

stapes

Back 112

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Front 113

eustachian tube
auditory tube

Back 113

tube connecting the middle ear to the pharynx (throat)

Front 114

oval window

Back 114

membrane that covers the opening between the middle ear and inner ear

Front 115

inner ear
labyrinth

Back 115

intricate, fluid-filled, intercommunicating bony and membranous passages that function in hearing by relaying sound waves to auditory nerve fibers on a path to the brain for interpretation; also sense body movement and position to maintain balance and equilibrium (labyrinth = maze)

Front 116

cochlea

Back 116

coiled tubular structure of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti (cochlea = snail)

Front 117

perilymph

Back 117

fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

Front 118

endolymph

Back 118

fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

Front 119

organ of Corti

Back 119

structure located in the cochlea; contains receptors (hair cells) that receive vibrations and generate nerve impulses for hearing

Front 120

vestibule

Back 120

middle part of the inner ear, in front of the semicircular canals and behind the cochlea, that contains the utricle and the saccule; functions to provide body balance and equilibrium

Front 121

utricle

Back 121

the larger of two sacs within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule in the inner ear (uter = leather bag)

Front 122

saccule

Back 122

the smaller of two sacs within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule in the inner ear (sacculus = small bag)

Front 123

semicircular canals

Back 123

three canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement

Front 124

exophthalmos
exophthalmus

Back 124

protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

Front 125

glucosuria
glycosuria

Back 125

glucose (sugar) in the urine

Front 126

hirsutism

Back 126

shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (e.g., a woman with a beard)

Front 127

hypercalcemia

Back 127

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

Front 128

hypocalcemia

Back 128

an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood

Front 129

hyperglycemia

Back 129

high blood sugar

Front 130

hypoglycemia

Back 130

low blood sugar

Front 131

hyperkalemia

Back 131

an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood (kalium = potassium)

Front 132

hypokalemia

Back 132

deficient level of potassium in the blood

Front 133

hypersecretion

Back 133

abnormally increased secretion

Front 134

hyposecretion

Back 134

abnormally decreased secretion

Front 135

ketosis

Back 135

presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid)

Front 136

ketoacidosis

Back 136

in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and

Front 137

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Back 137

starvation (keto = alter)

Front 138

metabolism

Back 138

all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions

Front 139

polydipsia

Back 139

excessive thirst

Front 140

polyuria

Back 140

excessive urination

Front 141

asthenopia

Back 141

eyestrain (asthenia = weak condition)

Front 142

blepharospasm

Back 142

involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the eye causing uncontrolled blinking and lid squeezing

Front 143

diplopia

Back 143

double vision

Front 144

exophthalmos
exophthalmus

Back 144

abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs

Front 145

lacrimation

Back 145

secretion of tears

Front 146

nystagmus

Back 146

involuntary, rapid, oscillating movement of the eyeball (nystagmos = a nodding)

Front 147

photophobia

Back 147

extreme sensitivity to, and discomfort from, light

Front 148

scotoma

Back 148

blind spot in vision (skotos = darkness)

Front 149

otalgia
otodynia

Back 149

earache

Front 150

otorrhagia

Back 150

bleeding from the ear

Front 151

otorrhea

Back 151

purulent drainage from the ear

Front 152

tinnitus

Back 152

a jingling; a ringing or buzzing in the ear

Front 153

vertigo

Back 153

a turning round; dizziness

Front 154

Cushing syndrome

Back 154

a collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (often because of a tumor), or, more commonly, occurs as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones, such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis

Front 155

adrenal virilism

Back 155

excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice (virilis = masculine)

Front 156

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 156

metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria (diabetes = passing through; mellitus = sugar)

Front 157

type 1 diabetes mellitus

Back 157

diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

Front 158

type 2 diabetes mellitus

Back 158

diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival

Front 159

hyperinsulinism

Back 159

a condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas

Front 160

pancreatitis

Back 160

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 161

hyperparathyroidism

Back 161

hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

Front 162

hypoparathyroidism

Back 162

hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

Front 163

acromegaly

Back 163

disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

Front 164

pituitary dwarfism

Back 164

a condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature (not affecting intelligence); often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects

Front 165

pituitary gigantism

Back 165

a condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

Front 166

goiter

Back 166

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter = throat)

Front 167

hyperthyroidism

Back 167

a condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter, etc.

Front 168

Graves disease

Back 168

the most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic

Front 169

hypothyroidism

Back 169

a condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and, often, obesity

Front 170

myxedema

Back 170

advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin (myx = mucus)

Front 171

cretinism

Back 171

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

Front 172

refractive errors

Back 172

defects in the bending of light as it enters the eye, causing an improper focus on the retina

Front 173

astigmatism

Back 173

distorted vision caused by an oblong or cylindrical curvature of the lens or cornea that prevents light rays from coming to a single focus on the retina (stigma = point)

Front 174

hyperopia

Back 174

farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays are focused on a point behind the retina

Front 175

myopia

Back 175

nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects when light rays are focused on a point in front of the retina

Front 176

presbyopia

Back 176

impaired vision caused by old age or loss of accommodation

Front 177

accommodation

Back 177

ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects

Front 178

amblyopia

Back 178

decreased vision in early life because of a functional defect that can occur as a result of strabismus, refractive errors (when one eye is more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic than the other), or trauma; usually occurs in one eye; also known as lazy eye (ambly/o = dim)

Front 179

aphakia

Back 179

absence of the lens, usually after cataract extraction

Front 180

blepharitis

Back 180

inflammation of the eyelid

Front 181

blepharochalasis
dermatochalasis

Back 181

baggy eyelid; overabundance and loss of skin elasticity on the upper eyelid causing a fold of skin to hang down over the edge of the eyelid when the eyes are open (chalasis = a slackening)

Front 182

blepharoptosis
ptosis

Back 182

drooping of the eyelid; usually caused by paralysis

Front 183

chalazion

Back 183

chronic nodular inflammation of a meibomian gland, usually the result of a blocked duct; commonly presents as a swelling on the upper or lower eyelid (chalaza = hailstone)

Front 184

cataract

Back 184

opaque clouding of the lens causing decreased vision

Front 185

conjunctivitis

Back 185

pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva

Front 186

dacryoadenitis

Back 186

inflammation of the lacrimal gland

Front 187

dacryocystitis

Back 187

inflammation of the tear sac

Front 188

diabetic retinopathy

Back 188

disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision

Front 189

ectropion

Back 189

outward turning of the rim of the eyelid (tropo = turning)

Front 190

entropion

Back 190

inward turning of the rim of the eyelid

Front 191

epiphora

Back 191

abnormal overflow of tears caused by blockage of the lacrimal duct (epi = upon; phero = to bear)

Front 192

glaucoma

Back 192

group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision

Front 193

hordeolum

Back 193

sty; an acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid (hordeum = barley)

Front 194

iritis

Back 194

inflammation of the iris

Front 195

keratitis

Back 195

inflammation of the cornea

Front 196

macular degeneration

Back 196

breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula, resulting in partial or complete loss of central vision

Front 197

pseudophakia

Back 197

an eye in which the natural lens is replaced with an artificial lens implant (pseudo = false)

Front 198

pterygium

Back 198

fibrous, wing-shaped growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea, developing most commonly from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light

Front 199

retinal detachment

Back 199

separation of the retina from the underlying epithelium, disrupting vision and resulting in blindness if not repaired surgically

Front 200

retinitis

Back 200

inflammation of the retina

Front 201

strabismus
heterotropia

Back 201

a condition of eye misalignment caused by intraocular muscle imbalance (strabismus = a squinting; hetero = other)

Front 202

esotropia

Back 202

right or left eye deviates inward, toward nose (eso = inward; tropo = turning)

Front 203

exotropia

Back 203

right or left eye deviates outward, away from nose (exo = out; tropo = turning)

Front 204

scleritis

Back 204

inflammation of the sclera

Front 205

trichiasis

Back 205

misdirected eyelashes that rub on the conjunctiva or cornea

Front 206

otitis externa

Back 206

inflammation of the external auditory meatus (canal)

Front 207

cerumen impaction

Back 207

excessive buildup of wax in the ear that often reduces hearing acuity, especially in elderly persons

Front 208

myringitis
tympanitis

Back 208

inflammation of the eardrum

Front 209

otitis media

Back 209

inflammation of the middle ear

Front 210

aerotitis media

Back 210

inflammation of the middle ear from changes in atmospheric pressure; often occurs with frequent air travel

Front 211

eustachian obstruction

Back 211

blockage of the eustachian tube, usually as a result of infection, as in otitis media

Front 212

otosclerosis

Back 212

hardening of the bony tissue in the ear

Front 213

acoustic neuroma

Back 213

benign tumor on the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve) that causes vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss

Front 214

labyrinthitis

Back 214

inflammation of the labyrinth (inner ear)

Front 215

Méière disease

Back 215

disorder of the inner ear resulting from an excessive buildup of endolymphatic fluid, causing episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, and hearing loss; one or both ears can be affected, and attacks vary in both frequency and intensity (named after Prosper Ménière, the French physician who first described the condition)

Front 216

deafness

Back 216

general term for partial or complete loss of hearing

Front 217

conductive hearing loss

Back 217

hearing impairment caused by interference with sound or vibratory energy in the external canal, middle ear, or ossicles

Front 218

sensorineural hearing loss

Back 218

hearing impairment caused by lesions or dysfunction of the cochlea or auditory nerve

Front 219

mixed hearing loss

Back 219

combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

Front 220

presbyacusis
presbycusis

Back 220

hearing impairment in old age