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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many people with Axis II disorder also have a Axis I disorder?
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75%
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Why is it difficult to diagnose a personality disorder?
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1) Low reliability
2) Hard-to-define categories |
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Why is it difficult to study the cause of personality disorders?
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1) High comorbidity among personality disorders (85%)
2) Little prospective research 3) Genetic contributions for trait rather than disorder |
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Are people with paranoid personality usually psychotic?
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No; in contact with reality, though may have transient psychotic symptoms during stress
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Are more males or females diagnosed with Cluster A disorders?
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More males than females
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What do people with schizotypal people develop later?
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Schizophrenia
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What is the difference between histrionic and narcissitic personality?
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Histrionic - more dramatic, needy, attention
Nar - exploitative, admiration |
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Are Axis II or depression more commonly associated with BPD?
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More Axis II (dependent, avoidant, OCD, like Cluster C) than depression
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How does BPD and antisocial differ with regards to expoitative use of others?
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BPD - angry/impulsive response to disappointment
Antisocial - guitless/calculated effort for personal gain |
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What neurotransmitter is implicated in BPD?
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Lower serotonin
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How does diathesis-stress model work for BPD?
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Trauma/loss/parental failure leads those with higher impulsivity/affective instability to develop DVP
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What Axis I disorder does avoidant commonly co-occur with?
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Social phobia
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Why do more women than men have dependent personality?
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Higher prevalence of women with neuroticism and agreeableness
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What Axis II disorder does avoidant co-occur with?
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Dependent
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Do people with OCPD have true obsessions or compulsive rituals?
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No
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What is passive-aggressive personality disorder?
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Misunderstood/scornful of authority/argumentative
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What is depressive personality disorder?
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Usual mood state is unhappiness, inadequacy, pessimism
Heritability separate from depression |
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Do all cultures share five basic traits?
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Yes
Yet some increase, b/c of more impulse gratification, instant solns |
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What does psychopathy also include, in addn to antisocial?
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Affective and interpersonal traits as lack of empathy, inflated or arrogant self-appraisal, glib charm
Behavior (antisocial) |
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What does alcohol abuse/conscience relate to, antisocial or interpersonal/affective core?
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Alcohol - Anti
Conscience - I/Affective |
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What is a gene x environment correlation to ASPD?
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Adopted children with parents of antisocial personalities develop ASPD under adverse vs. normal environment
lower MAO-A - develop ASPD if experience early maltreatment, than higher MAO-A |
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Why is alcohol abuse + ASPD related?
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Genetics
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What is the low-fear-hypothesis and conditioning?
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A) Deficient conditioning of anxiety to signals for punishment
B) Difficulty learning to inhibit responses that may result in punishment C) Normal/hyper-normal active avoidance of punishment when actively threatened with punishment |
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If given self vs. other conditioning, what would they react to?
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Threats to self - more fear
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Who is most at risk for developing ASPD?
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a) Male
B) peers C) Poor parental supervision D) Oppositional defiant disorder E) ADHD |
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Why do you not want to always emphasize social skills/empathy training?
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Make them better at charming or conning victims
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What is the most effective treatment for ASPD?
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CBT
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What does alcohol abuse commonly co-occur with?
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Depression, personality disorders
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What are the major physiological effects of alcohol?
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Liver damage
Impairs body's ability to utilize nutrients Stomach pains |
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Major physical/interpersonal/social occupational problems from alcohol abuse
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Vulnerable to injury
Violence Lower perfomance on cognitive tasks Shorter life span More auto accidents 1/3 arrests ___ Psychosocial: fatigue, unable to hold a job, less responsibility |
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What underlies neurobiology of addiction? -
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Genetic - at least 1 parent with alcohol problem
Yet stronger for men than women - social still importance, peer pressure, parents, advertising |
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What are 5 main psychosocial causes of abuse?
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1) Failures in parental guidance - less likely to keep track of what people are doing, negative models, abuse
2) Psychological vulnerability - immaturity, depression, antisocial, schizophrenia 3) Stress, tension reduction, and reinforcement - PTSD, Unable to tolerate stress 4) Expect Social Success - expect to lower anxiety and increase desire and acceptance 5) Marital relationships - less intimate, supportive relationships drink more; leads to divorce ($ and sex problems) |
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What is moderating?
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Time moderates alcohol expectancies
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Countries and alcohol abuse rates?
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More influenced by European culture
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Psychosocial ways to treat alcohol abuse?
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1) Group therapy - force to face problems and find new ways of coping
2) Environmental Intervention - halfway houses 3) Behavioral/CBT - aversive conditioning therapy, alter social networks, cognitions about alcohol, reduce partner violence 4) Controlled drinking vs. abstience - successful for less severe alchol problems 5) AA - not weak-willed but having affliction |
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What is relapse prevention treatment?
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Recognize irrelevant decisions as early warning signals of relapse
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Biological effects of opiates (morphine, heroin)?
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1) Euphoric spasm -> high (lethargy, pleasant feelings) -> need for drug later
Withdrawal in 8 hours Might lead to overdose, as after withdrawal goes down, then tolerance isn't as good |
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Psychological effects of opiates?
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Lower moral or ethical restraints
Use unsterile equipment Preemie babies addicted to opiates Fatal overdose Gradual deterioration of well-being Vulnerable to organ damage Sacrifice $, self-respect, diet, social position as you need it |
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3 major causal factors of being addicted to opiates?
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1) Neural - endorphins - chrnonic underproduction of endorphins leads to a craving of narcotic drugs
2) Psychopathology - higher incidence of antisocial personality; impulsive; can't dela gratification 3) Sociocultural factors - Undereducated, unemployed from minority groups; social group; lack sex-role ID, feel inadequate; revolt against authority, alleviate anxieties and tensions |
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Physical risks to taking ecstasy?
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Memory impairment
Panic disorder |
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Effects of cannibis?
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Time distorted
Feelings before taking drug magnified Psychotic Memory dysfunction Diminished self control |
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What is meth?
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One of most dangerous illegal drugs
Increase dopamine |
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Meth and health factors?
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Discontinue its use -> learning, memory, and cognitive dysfunction
Appetite suppressant Highly resistant to treatment, and relapse common |
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Effects of nicotine and caffeine?
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Caffeine - gastrointestinal, restless, muscle twitching
Nicotine - craving, anger, restless, difficulty concentrating, here b/c a) easy to abuse b) readily available c) "craving" d) difficult to quit using it e) frustration to quit f) 1/7 deaths |
