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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation |
The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms |
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Instincts |
Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned essential to survival instincts provide energy that guides behavior |
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Drive reduction theory |
Explains that when a drive motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill and need become stronger we are motivated to reduce it |
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Drive reduction theory example |
The lack of basic biological requirements such as water produces a drive such as first the goal is to reach homeostasis the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state |
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Primary drive |
Are related to the biological needs of the body of the species as a whole such as food or thirst |
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Secondary drive |
Prior experience and learning bring about needs such as a strong need to achieve academically and professionally |
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Homeostasis |
Brings deviations and body functioning back to an optimal state similar to the way a thermostat in a furnace working at home heating system to maintain a steady temperature |
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Arousal approaches |
Arousal approaches suggest that we try to maintain a particular level of stimulation and activity the goal is optimal level of arousal |
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Incentive approaches |
Motivation stems from the desire to obtain value external goals or incentives that is great money affection food or sex |
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Cognitive approaches |
Motivation is a product of cognitive such as expectations |
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Intrinsic motivation |
Motivated by your own enjoyment rather than by concrete reward intrinsic equals internal to you |
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Extrinsic motivation |
Doing something for a concrete reward intrinsic equals external to you |
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
Level 1, psychological needs primary drive needs for food water sleep and sex level two safety needs, the need for a safe secure environment level 3 love and belonging is the need to obtain and give affection to be a contributing member of a group or society level for this team to need to develop a sense of self-worth from others annoying and following your competence level 5 self actualization a state of self fulfillment and which people realize their highest potential each in his or her own unique way |
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Applying approaches to motivation |
Applying multiple approaches in a given situation provides a broader understanding than if we use just one approach alone |
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Obesity |
Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person's particular Heights |
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Body mass index |
Yeah based on the ratio of weight to height BMI is greater than 30 considered obese BMI between 25-30 are overweight |
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Weight set point |
Particular who have a love way that the body strives to maintain |
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Metabolism |
The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body |
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Social factors |
Along with biology play an important role in eating and hunger |
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Anorexia nervosa |
As if you're eating disorder people may refuse to eat balls and I got their behavior in appearance which can become skeleton like or unusual |
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Bulimia |
Disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food followed by efforts to purge the food by vomiting or other means such as taking laxative |
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High need for achievement |
People with high need for achievement seek out situations in which they can compete against some standard grades money winning at a game and prove themselves successful they generally choose tasks better intermediate difficulty |
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People with low achievement motivation |
Tend to be motivated primarily by desire to avoid failure as a consequence they seek out easy task things are to avoid failures seek out very difficult tasks where in failure has no negative implications because almost everyone faced with these tasks would fail |
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Tat |
Symantec Apperception Test need for achievement is usually measured by this |
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Need for affiliation |
People have a need for affiliation. With higher filiation need are particularly sensitive to relationships with others they desire to be with their friends more of the time and then one less often compared with people who are lower need for affiliation |
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Need for power |
People with strong needs for power more apt to belong to organize a shin says seek office then are those low in need for power they also tend to work and professions in which the power needs to be fulfilled they also tend to display the trappings of power expensive possessions and latest electronic year etc |
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James Lange theory |
Suggest that emotional experiences are reaction to bodily are visceral change that occurs response in environments event and are interpreted out an emotional response an example of the motion occurs after the physiological reaction a car almost hits you you swerve and get at shaky and nervous |
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Canon Bart theory |
Contenta both physiological arousal in an emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nurse stimulus and that the visceral experience does not necessarily differ among others an example is almost getting hit by a car the physiological reactions and emotion occur at the same time |
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Sketcher and singers |
Suggest then emotions are determined Johnny by relatively nonspecific physiological arousal and the subsequent labeling of the arousal you can't use from the environment to determine how others are behaving in the same situation |
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Nature vs nurture |
The degree to which environment nurture and heredity nature influence behaviour |
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nature vs nurture |
Experimentally control genetic makeup of laboratory animals then study environmental influences and examples identical twins and non twin siblings race a fart similarities as adults show importance of heredity adopted children similarities with biological children the same family still importance of environment |
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Cross-sectional research |
Comparing people of different ages at the same point in time |
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Longitudinal research |
Studing the same people as they age |
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Sequential research |
Combination of cross sectional and longitudinal considers different age groups examined at several points in time |
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Parental development |
Sensitive critical periods during parental development time with the feet of this particular sustentable to a certain |
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Genetic influence of the fetus in PKU |
Child cannot produce and find needed for normal development causes intellectual disabilities |
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Sickle cell anemia |
Cousin abnormally shaped red blood cells |
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Down syndrome |
Zygote receives extra chromosome at moment of conception one of the causes of mental retardation |
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Prental environment influences |
Teratogen,... Environmental agents drugs chemicals etc that produce a birth defect mothers nutrition mother's illness alcohol or niceotine used fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol affect |
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Reflexes |
Automatic involuntary responses to incoming stimuli sensory development and motor development |
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Attachment |
Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual usually are caregiver |
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Attachment example |
Harlow's research with monkey |
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Authoritarian |
Rigid punitive demand obedience require a lot from their children |
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Permissive |
Relax during consistent direction requires little from their children |
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Authoritative |
Firm set limits use reasoning example things encourage independence |
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Uninvolved |
Show little interest emotional detachment believe parenting is only providing food clothing shelter |
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Puberty |
The. Of which situation of a sexual organs Icarus beginning at around age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for voice for girls it's the start of menstration and her boys for sperm |
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Suicide |
Males are 5 times more likely to commit suicide than females but females attempt suicide more often possible causes depression social anxiety family background adjustment difficulties. Parents conflict alcohol and drug abuse |
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Emerging adulthood |
Transitional period from 18 to 25 years of age key features identity explaration instability self-focused feeling in between age of possibility |
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Menopause |
Late forties or early 52. During which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile |
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Life expectancy |
37.8 years - 80.44 women and 75.2 for men |
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Midlife transition |
For some time of questioning their lives some explain a midlife crisis as dissatisfaction with life but most go through middle aged relatively smoothly |
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Marriage children and divorce |
Average age of marriage of higher elevation before marriage and about half of all marriages end in divorce |
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Genetic pre-programming theories of aging |
Human cells have a built-in time limit to their reprodution after a certain time they are no longer able to divide |
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Wear and tear theories of aging |
Mechanical functions of the body stop working efficiently as you age |
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Cognitive changes |
Fluid intelligence information processing skills such as memory calculations in the analogy solving shows decline in late adulthood however crystallized intelligence which is the accumulation of information skills and strategies learn through experience remain steady memory loss is not inevitable with aging |
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Alzheimer's disease |
Progressive brain disorder that leads to gradual and universe will decline in cognitive abilities |
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Disengagement theory of aging |
Aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical physiological and social level |
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Activity theory of aging |
Successful aging means maintaining the interesting activities you had during middle age |
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Life review |
Process by which people examine and evaluate their lives |
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Adjusting to death |
Elisabeth kubler-ross is five stages of dealing with one's own impending the number one is denial with this idea that they are dying the second of anger angry at people in good health around them had medical professionals and I got bargaining trying to postpone the depression bargaining will not work preparatory grief for their own death acceptance made peace with themselves usually unemotional and uncommunicative |
