Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Paleontology
|
study of past life, studied by fossils.
Traces of ancient life preserved in rock |
|
|
Invertebrate Paleo
|
Study of animals that lack backbones
most abundant in the fossil record clams, insects, trilobites |
|
|
Vertebrate Paleo
|
Study of animals with backbones
frogs, elephants, dinosaurs, fish |
|
|
micropaleontology
|
branch of invertebrate paleo
study of shelled unicellular organisms microscope required foraminferans, diatoms |
|
|
Paleobotany
|
study of fossil plants
ferns, tree trunks, fronds |
|
|
Palynology
|
branch of paleobotany
study of fossil pollen |
|
|
Physical Anthropology
|
branch of anthropology that studies past life
study of ancient human bone remains |
|
|
Archeology
|
Branch of anthropology that studies past life
study of past human-made tools and artifacts |
|
|
Fossils
|
Remains r evidence of one-living organisms in rock
exceeding 10,000 years old Organic remains may be preserved if decay process is stopped or slowed down (carbon based) |
|
|
True or False: Fossils are man made
|
False: fossils are naturally made
|
|
|
The rapid burial of organism constitutes
|
a greater chance of preservation
|
|
|
Trace Fossil
|
evidence of ancient' organisms actions or behaviors
footprint, stomach stone, burrow, coprolite |
|
|
Body Fossil
|
evidence of ancient organisms body parts
skeleton |
|
|
pseudofossil
|
inorganically formed structures that resemble actual fossils (mineral precipitation)
|
|
|
Preservation Potential
|
The likelihood that an organism will be preserved
|
|
|
Organisms with many hard parts have a ______
|
high preservation potential
|
|
|
Organisms with many soft parts have a _____
|
low preservation potential
|
|
|
Modes of Fossil Preservation
|
Unaltered
Mold and Casts Carbonization Replacement/ Recrystallization Permineralization |
|
|
Unaltered Fossil Preservation
|
Both soft and hard parts remain intact
ex. insect stuck in amber, frozen organisms |
|
|
Mold and Casts Fossil Preservations
|
mold- impression in sediment of a body or skeleton (all original parts dissolved away)
cast- mineral fillings of molds that create a 3D replica of original organism |
|
|
Carbonization Fossil Preservation
|
Thin dark colored carbon film residue of remains outlined on rock
examples: fishes, plants, or insects |
|
|
Replacement Fossil Preservation
|
Replacement: molecules of decaying organic remains replaced by groundwater solution molecules; occurs in low oxygen environments
ex. CaCO(3) shell replaced by mineral pyrite |
|
|
Recystallization Fossil Preservation
|
original crystalline structure transforms into a new form; chemical composition unchanged
ex. change from aragonite or calcite to a more stable calcite form of CaCO(3) |
|
|
Permineralization
|
solution material fills empty pore spaces
ex. fossil wood and bones |
|
|
Process of Fossilization
|
Organism dies
Hard parts remains burial in sediment; fossilization occurs weathering and erosion expose fossil |
|
|
Modern and Fossil organisms are classified by
|
Linnaeus' hierarchical system
|
|
|
Linnaeus' Hierarchal system
|
Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
|
|
Higher the category of the hierarchical system, the more ______
|
inclusive
|
|
|
Lower the category of the hierarchical system, the less _____ and more _____
|
inclusive, more particular
|
|
|
Exoskeletons
|
protection around outside of body
|
|
|
True or False: Exoskeletons are possessed by most vertebrates
|
false; exoskeletons are possessed by most invertebrates.
|
|
|
Exoskeletons are made up of ____
|
calcium carbonate or silica extracted from the environment.
|
|
|
The exoskeletons of water-dwelling invertebrates are _______
|
heavier for extra support
|
|
|
Endoskeletons
|
support located inside of the body
|
|
|
Endoskeletons are possessed by _____
|
most vertebrates
|
|
|
Phylums
|
Cnidaria
Bryozoa Mollusca Brachiopoda Echinodermata Arthropoda |
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria (soft bodied)
|
sea anemone, jellyfish, hydra
|
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria (hard bodied)
|
coral (solitry horn coral and colonial coral)
makes exoskeleton by secreting CaCO(3) out of sea water filters small pieces of food out of water reefs support life Paleoevironmental indicators |
|
|
Phylum Bryozoa
|
Aquatic colonial organism
resembles plants each bryozoan animal is smaller than each animal in colonial coral. |
|
|
Phylum Molussca
|
Large and diverse group of organisms in individual numbers and range of adaptations
|
|
|
Gastropoda
|
Aquatic snails have heavier shells because of water's extra suppost
shells coiled into a cone-shaped spiral predator (carnivore/herbivore) filter feeders |
|
|
Bibalvia
|
two shells joined at hinge
abundant, many shapes and lifestyles morphology can infer water depth and turbulence levels filter and detritus feeders swim, burrow, recline on seafloor help construct ancient environments ex. oysters, scallops and clams |
|
|
Cephalopoda
|
Includes most intelligent invertebrates (octopus) and largest invertebrates, (giant squid)
free swimming predators Divided into 2 subclasses |
|
|
Nautiloidea
|
Coiled nautilus that are still in existent
Buoyancy chambers coiled and straight forms straight sutures (joints) |
|
|
Ammonoidea
|
Buoyancy chambers
Coiled and straight forms Complex sutures in unique patterns stronger- important for biostratigraphy and faunal succession Only lived during the Mesozoic era. |
|
|
Difference between coiled ammonoids and nautiloids from coiled gastropods.
|
Ammonoids and nautiloids are coiled in straight in one plane
gastropods are coiled in a cone-shaped form in more than one plane. |
|
|
Past cephalopods
|
straight nautiloid
coiled ammonoid straight ammonoid |
|
|
Present cephalopods
|
squid
nautilus octopus |
|
|
Phylum Brachiopoda
|
Important in fossil record
still exists, but not very common filter feeders through opens shells Useful depth and paleoenvironmental indicators in fossil record |
|
|
What is the convergence between brachiopods and bivalve mollusks?
|
have similar lifestyle
external appearance two-part shell |
|
|
Differences between brachiopods and bivalve mollusks
|
internal soft tissue differences in mode of bottom attatchment
structural differences plane of symmetry to hinge line relationship |
|
|
Brachipods plane of symmetry
|
vertical to hinge line
|
|
|
bivalve mollusks plane of symmetry
|
parallel to hinge line
|
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata
|
Large and varied group, important for today's oceans
"spiny skinned" bottom dwellers: some are attached to the bottom (crinoids and blastoids); others move around on bottom five-fold radial symmetry: can be divided into 5 main parts from central feeding area |
|
|
Crinoid
|
Predatory animals; resembles plants
Anchored to sea bottom; supported by long stem of joined, flat hollow disks (columnals) Still exist today |
|
|
What is a calyx
|
main feeding area at end of each stem of a crinoid.
food catching appendages protrudes above calyx; food is brought down into digestion area. |
|
|
Blastoid
|
Predatory animals; resemble plants
anchored to sea bottom supported bu long stem of joined columnals |
|
|
Theca
|
the main feeding area at end of the Blastoid stem
food catching appendages along the sides food moved up and over into digestion area. |
|
|
Sand dollar
|
use appendages to move food to digestion areas like other echinoderms
Predators |
|
|
Sea biscuit
|
an echinodermata that is similar to the sand dollar
|
|
|
Sea urchin
|
predators
an echinodermata |
|
|
Sea star
|
an echinodermata similar to the sea urchin.
|
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda
|
Very large and successful group (especially the Insecta group)
one of the first groups to live on and colonize land examples crayfish, horseshoe crab and trilobite |
|
|
Trilobites
|
important in fossil record
extinct, once numerous and diverse mostly small, some grew large variety of active lifestyles some were free swimmers, bottom-dwellers, and passive floaters predators/scavengers |
