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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 body protections
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immune B & T cells, inflammatory, and skin
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normal flora
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assemblage of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts. They include bacteria, fungi, and archaea. Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host. However, the majority have no known beneficial or harmful effect. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, but instead participate in maintaining health, are deemed members of the normal flora,[1] or microbiota.
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seroconversion
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development of detectable specific antibodies to microorganisms in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization. Serology (the testing for antibodies) is used to determine antibody positivity. Prior to seroconversion, the blood test is seronegative for the antibody; after seroconversion, the blood test is seropositive for the antibody.
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aquired immunity
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the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens in the presence of “self”, during the process of antigen presentation.
the generation of responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen infected cells. the development of immunological memory, in which each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature antibody. These memory cells can be called upon to quickly eliminate a pathogen should subsequent infections occur. |
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natural immunity
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The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include:
Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines. Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and to promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes. The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialized white blood cells. Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation |
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humoral immunity
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(HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity, which involves T lymphocytes) produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). B Cells (with co-stimulation) transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. The co-stimulation of the B cell can come from another antigen presenting cell, like a dendritic cell. This entire process is aided by CD4+ T-helper 2 cells, which provide co-stimulation. Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them for destruction.[1] Humoral immunity is so named because it involves substances found in the humours, or body fluids.
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incubation period
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time between contraction and symptoms
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virus
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no RNA, obligate intracellular parasites
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bacteria
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single celled organism. prokaryotes- no distinct nuclear membrane, possess only one chromosome. gram positive or gram negative
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HIV
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human immuno virus. blood borne. attacks killer T cells. (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission).
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HIV S&S
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HIV infection has four basic stages: incubation period, acute infection, latency stage and AIDS. The initial incubation period upon infection is asymptomatic and usually lasts between two and four weeks. The second stage, acute infection, lasts an average of 28 days and can include symptoms such as fever, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), pharyngitis (sore throat), rash, myalgia (muscle pain), malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores.
The latency stage, which occurs third, shows few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years and beyond. AIDS, the fourth and final stage of HIV infection shows as symptoms of various opportunistic infections. |
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hepatitis A
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acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV),[1] which is transmitted person-to-person by ingestion of contaminated food or water or through direct contact with an infectious person
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Hepatitis A S&S
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Early symptoms of hepatitis A infection can be mistaken for influenza, but some sufferers, especially children, exhibit no symptoms at all. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 6 weeks, (the incubation period), after the initial infection.[7]
Symptoms can return over the following 2–6 months and include:[8] Fatigue Fever Abdominal pain Nausea Appetite loss Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes Bile is removed from blood stream and excreted in urine, giving it a dark amber colour Clay-coloured feces |
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HBV
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The acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice and rarely, death. Chronic hepatitis B may eventually cause liver cirrhosis and liver cancer—a fatal disease with very poor response to current chemotherapy. The infection is preventable by vaccination.
Hepatitis B virus is an hepadnavirus—hepa from hepatotrophic and dna because it is a DNA virus—and it has a circular genome composed of partially double-stranded DNA. The viruses replicate through an RNA intermediate form by reverse transcription, and in this respect they are similar to retroviruses. Although replication takes place in the liver, the virus spreads to the blood where virus-specific proteins and their corresponding antibodies are found in infected people. Blood tests for these proteins and antibodies are used to diagnose the infection. |
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HCV
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The infection is often asymptomatic, but once established, chronic infection can progress to scarring of the liver (fibrosis), and advanced scarring (cirrhosis) which is generally apparent after many years. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will go on to develop liver failure or other complications of cirrhosis, including liver cancer[1] or life threatening esophageal varices and gastric varices.
The hepatitis C virus is spread by blood-to-blood contact. Most people have few, if any symptoms after the initial infection, yet the virus persists in the liver in about 85% of those infected. Persistent infection can be treated with medication, peginterferon and ribavirin being the standard-of-care therapy. 51% are cured overall. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant, and the virus universally recurs after transplantation. |
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Meningitis
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inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord
The most common symptoms of meningitis are headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises (phonophobia). Sometimes, especially in small children, only nonspecific symptoms may be present, such as irritability and drowsiness. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash. Petechia. Nuchlar rigidity, Brudzinski's signs and Kernig's sign are common |
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Brudzinski's signs
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physical exam finding flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees
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Kernig's signs
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inability to fully extend the knees with hips flexed
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Tuberculosis
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disesase casued by bacterium kniown as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum. incubation period of 4 to 12 weeks, with development normally 6 to 12 months after infection.
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Risk of susceptibility
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immunosupressed, very young, very old, less than 3 years of age do not have fully developed immune systems
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TB clinical presentation
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chills, fever, productive to nonproductive cough, chronic cough, weight loss, night sweats
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Chicken Pox
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Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) may lead to shingles, skin lesions along the course of peripheral nervous system
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