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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Solution and Precipitation
Dissolution |
Process of going into solution
Solubility varies among different elements |
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Most soluble in H20
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Sodium
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Least soluble in H20
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aluminum
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Solution and Precipitation
Dissolution |
Process of going into solution
Solubility varies among different elements |
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Role of Bedrock Structure
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Joints becomes solution pathways
Network of solution tubes widen to form small rooms and large caverns |
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Most soluble in H20
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Sodium
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Caves and Related Features
Location |
Location
Massive limestone bedrock - underground water |
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Least soluble in H20
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aluminum
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Role of Bedrock Structure
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Joints becomes solution pathways
Network of solution tubes widen to form small rooms and large caverns |
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Caves and Related Features
Formation |
Initial excavation by solution
“Decoration stage” by precipitation of minerals Speleothems: e.g., stalagmites, stalactites, and pillars |
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Caves and Related Features
Location |
Location
Massive limestone bedrock - underground water |
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Karst
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Region of the former Yugoslavia
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Caves and Related Features
Formation |
Initial excavation by solution
“Decoration stage” by precipitation of minerals Speleothems: e.g., stalagmites, stalactites, and pillars |
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Topography
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Rugged hilly area shaped by solution of limestone
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Karst
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Region of the former Yugoslavia
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?% of Earth’s land area has soluble carbonate rocks at or near surface
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10
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Topography
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Rugged hilly area shaped by solution of limestone
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?% of Earth’s land area has soluble carbonate rocks at or near surface
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10
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Surface features
Early development: |
Sinkholes (or dolines) and disappearing streams
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dolines
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Sinkholes
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Advanced development:
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Sinkholes (or dolines), collapse dolines, and uvala
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Natural Hazards
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Sinkholes
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Tower Karst
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Late development):
Haystack hills (mogotes) and exposure of non-soluble bedrock |
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mogotes
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Haystack hills
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The Impact of Fluvial Processes on the Landscape
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Fluvial processes involve running water
Running water is most erosive surface process Ubiquitous (everywhere except in Antarctica) |
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Geomorphic Cycle
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cycle of erosion
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William Morris Davis =
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first theory of landscape development - “geomorphic cycle”
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Geomorphic Cycle
3 stages |
Youth - Maturity - Old Age
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William Morris Davis = first theory of landscape development - “geomorphic cycle”
PROBLEM |
no proof
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Streamflow
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water flowing in a channel along a valley bottom
erosive & depositional processes |
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Stream
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any water flowing in a channel
- any size |
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Overland flow
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water moving downslope over surface = not in a channel
sheet flow is most common initial flow rills & gullies first pre-channel flow - ultimately, flows into a channel |
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Valley
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stream valley & surrounding terrain
that channels water into stream system - most common landform on Earth’s surface |
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Interfluve
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high topography between valleys
- Contributes overland flow & small streams |
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Drainage basin
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- all the land area that contributes water to a stream system
- Drainage basin of a large stream system includes the smaller drainage basins |
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Drainage divide
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boundary between 2 basins
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Drainage Basins
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Valley bottom
Valley sides Interfluves that drain toward the valley |
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Drainage divides
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Main stream basin
Tributary sub-basins |
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Hierarchy of Drainage Basins
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Mississippi
Missouri N platte Platte Laramie |
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Stream Order
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First-order stream
Smallest stream, has no tributaries Second-order Begins at confluence of 1st order streams Third-order Begins at confluence of 2nd order streams |
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Stream flow -
3 Zones : |
3 different processes – 1 dominates
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Zone of erosion
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material is removed
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Zone of sediment transport
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material is moving
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Zone of deposition
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material is deposited
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Erosion by Streamflow
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Volume of flow
Abrasion of streambed Chemical weathering of channel Turbulence of flow Flow speed |
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2 Types of flow:
Laminar - |
water moves roughly parallel to stream
channel in straight-line - generally, slow moving water |
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Turbulent flow -
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strong, erratic flow; rough water
eddies, whirlpools, white water |
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Channel Flow
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center of stream & at surface moves fastest
sides & bottom moves slowest = due to friction outside of bends moves faster - inside of bends moves slower |
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Stream Channels
Channel Flow |
Friction along sides & bottom
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Transportation by water
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Load
Types of load Competence and capacity |
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3 Types of Stream Load:
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Dissolved Load - Suspended Load - Bed Load
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3 Types of Stream Load:
Dissolved Load |
material in solution
- brought to stream by groundwater - dissolved mineral matter |
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3 Types of Stream Load:
Suspended Load |
material carried in suspension
- in most streams, largest part of load - mainly clay, silt & sand size particles - during flood stage, larger particles are carried as well, & amount of smaller size particles increases |
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3 Types of Stream Load:
Bed Load |
particles slide or roll along bottom of stream channel
- larger particles: gravel & rocks - bed load grinding along bottom does most of the erosion = downcutting the stream |
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Velocity
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distance water travels per unit of time
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Competence
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maximum particle size a
stream can transport - velocity determines competence - stronger flow = larger particles (suspended & bed load) a stream can carry |
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Decrease in velocity =
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deposition
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Alluvium
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– sediment deposited by a stream
sorted / stratified deposits smooth, rounded particles |
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Discharge
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volume of water flowing past a
point per unit time discharge (m³/second) = channel width (m) ÷ channel depth (m) x velocity (m/sec) |
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Capacity -
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maximum load of solid
particles a stream can carry - greater discharge = greater capacity |
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level
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Sea level, base level, and local base level
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Floods
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overbank flow = exceeds stream
channel - erodes upstream portions of valleys forms floodplains in lower parts of valleys = deposition |
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Straight Channels
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Common on steep gradients
Become sinuous Erosive |
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Meandering Channels
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Tightly curved loops
Abandoned channels Flat topography = floodplain |
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Braided Channels
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Heavy load stream
Gentle gradient slows flow speed Slow moving - channel filled with alluvium Sand and gravel bar deposits |
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Valley Widening
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Lateral erosion by a meandering stream
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Landform formation
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Cut-off meander
Oxbow lake Meander scar |
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Stream Drainage Patterns
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Geologic structure or topography
Dendritic Drainage Pattern - Most common drainage pattern - Tree-like Nearly horizontal strata |
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Trellis Drainage Pattern
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Alternating bands of tilted hard and soft rocks
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Radial Drainage Pattern
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Streams drain from a mountain peak or volcano
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Centripetal Drainage Pattern
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Streams converge into a basin
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Annular Drainage Pattern
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Streams converge into a basin
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Knickpoint Migration
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Niagara Falls (Knickpoint) Retreat
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