Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Monocarpic |
Flowers once then dies |
|
|
Where does primary growth occur?
|
At the tips of plants |
|
|
What is periclinal growth |
Growth parallel to the surface |
|
|
What is anticlinal growth?
|
Growth perpendicular to the surface |
|
|
What is secondary growth? |
Widens the plant |
|
|
What is primary growth |
Growth that lengthens |
|
|
What type of cells are in the meristem? |
Undifferentiated |
|
|
How many apical cells do ferns have? |
One |
|
|
What is the tunica? |
The first two layers of cells. Becomes the protoderm which eventually becomes the epidermis |
|
|
What type of division does the tunica undergo? |
Anticlinal |
|
|
What is the corpus? |
The corpus it the rest of the meristem that becomes the rest of the plant. |
|
|
What type of division does the corpus undergo |
Peri and anticlinal division |
|
|
What are the plant organs? |
Shoots and Roots |
|
|
What plant organ developed first?
|
Shoots
|
|
|
What is the cell plate made out of?
|
Pectins |
|
|
What does the cell plate turn into?
|
Middle lamella |
|
|
What is the ER called when it tunnels through the pit field? |
Plasmodesmata |
|
|
What is the phragmoplast? |
It is made out of microtubles and surrounds the cell plate |
|
|
What is the ER connected to? |
The nuclear envelope |
|
|
What does the smooth ER synthesize? |
Lipids |
|
|
What does the rough ER synthesize |
Proteins |
|
|
What do peroxisomes do? |
Degrade peroxides and help with photorespiration |
|
|
What do the mitochondria do? |
Functions in aerobic respiration |
|
|
What is the movement of the choloroplasts called? |
Cytoplasmic streaming |
|
|
What is the cytoskeleton made of? |
Actin and microtubules |
|
|
What are proplastids? |
Plastids that are undifferentiated |
|
|
What do proplastids turn into when exposed to light? |
Chloroplasts |
|
|
What do proplastids turn into when not exposed to light |
Leucoplasts |
|
|
What are amyloplasts? |
A type of leucoplast that stores starch |
|
|
What are chromoplasts? |
They have pigments but don't photosynthesize. Does not have very many thylakoids |
|
|
What are the cell walls made out of?
|
Cellulose |
|
|
What is the bond in cellulose? |
Beta 1-4 Linkage This means it cannot be easily broken apart |
|
|
What are the hydrophilic molecules? |
Cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, glycoproteins |
|
|
What are the hydrophobic molecules? |
Lignin and suberin |
|
|
Why are glaucophytes considered to be the most basal plant? |
Their chloroplasts have peptidoglycan between their membranes, which is found in bacteria. More advanced plants lost this |
|
|
What is unquie to rotophytes/red algae? |
Floridian starch |
|
|
What is unique to green plants? |
Grana stacks, chlorophyll b keratinoid |
|
|
What is the central vacuole? |
It maintains turgor pressure inside the plant cell |
|
|
What is the golgi aparatus? |
Synthesizes and secretes hemicellulose and pectin for the cell wall
|
|
|
What plant is found deeper in the ocean than any other? |
Red algae |
|
|
What are the accessory pigments found in green plant chloroplasts? |
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids |
|
|
How much space does the vacuole take up in living cells?
|
90% |
|
|
What are indivudal strands of cellulose called? |
microfibrils |
|
|
When does the cell plate form? |
telophase |
|
|
When does the cell plate finish forming? |
cytokinesis |
|
|
What were the first leaves called? |
Microphylls
|
|
|
What does the procambium develop into? |
Vascular tissues |
|
|
What does the epidermis do? |
Protects from UV Prevents desiccation Functions in gas exchange |
|
|
What is the cuticle |
Waxy layer on top of the epidermis
Made up of cutin, a lipid Causes aloes and agave to snap when bent |
|
|
What are Stoma |
Made up of two guard cells, a pit, and subsidiary cells |
|
|
How do stoma open and close? |
A guard cell swells to close pit or diverts solutes back to the subsidiary cells to open pit |
|
|
What causes the stoma to open and close? |
They respond to light (opens when exposed to blue light) Internal CO2 concentrations Water status of the plant |
|
|
What is the boundary layer? |
Fluid layer arrested by surfaces |
|
|
What do trichomes do? |
Prevents herbivory Reflects light to cool leaf Capture prey |
|
|
What are the type of trichomes? |
Hair, stellate, glandular |
|
|
What is parenchyma? |
Most basal tissue, most like tissue found in green algae |
|
|
What are the functions of parenchyma? |
Photosynthesis, storage, support, production of other tissue, production of secondary metabolites |
|
|
Where is parenchyma found?
|
Everywhere in the primary plant body, but not in vascular bundles |
|
|
What are totipotent tissues? |
Unspecialized cells (stem cells) Can produce any tissue Does not have secondary cell walls |
|
|
What is Aerenchyma? |
Specialized type of parenchyma Contains air spaces Usually found in aquatic plants |
|
|
How is Aerenchyma formed? |
Can result from Schizogeny(splitting) or lysogeny (cell death) |
|
|
What is the function of collenchyma? |
Support tissue found in young plants with no or low amounts of wood
Plastic support |
|
|
What are the properties of collenchyma? |
No secondary cell wall Unevenly thickened cell walls Totipotent |
|
|
What are the two types of collenchyma? |
Lamellar (layers, periclinal) Angular |
|
|
What is the function of sclerenchyma? |
Elastic support tissue |
|
|
What are the properties of sclerenchyma? |
Lignified secondary cell wall Not totipotent Can be living or dead a maturity |
|
|
What are sclereids? |
Small bundles of sclerenchyma Found in the outer layers of the stem, cortex, leaves, and pith Some have intrusive growth |
|
|
What is intrusive growth? |
When a cell pushes past other cells and into their space |
|
|
Astrosclerid |
Prevents herbivory Intrusive growth Has jagged edges |
|
|
What kind of growth do Brachsclerids have? |
No intrusive growth Only length and grow |
|
|
What type of growth do Triosclerids have? |
Have intrusive growth |
|
|
What is the function of fibers? |
#1 support cell |
|
|
What are the properties of fiber? |
Elongated and tapered at the end Result of intrusive growth Associated with vascular tissues Good at resisting bending |
|
|
Why are vascular tissues important? |
Height is limited without vascular tissues |
|
|
What is the line between the xylem and the phloem called? |
Vascular cambium |
|
|
What are the properties of xylem? |
No lignin No secondary cell walls Under negative pressure (tension) Conducts water |
|
|
What is metaxylem? |
Has secondary growth Pitted walls Thicker walls |
|
|
What is protoxylem? |
Helical walls Has annular thickening Both used for length strength |
|
|
What is the function of phloem |
Transports photosynthates and amino acids |
|
|
Sieve cells |
Not found in flowering plants Transport things through sieve areas, which are very large |
|
|
What are the properties of sieve tubes |
Transports laterally and vertically Lateral transport happens through sieve areas Vertical transport happens through sieve plates |
|
|
Are STM and sieve cells living? |
Yes, but they have no nucleus and very few organelles |
|
|
What are albuminous cells? |
Modified parenchyma cells Has a nucleus Tells sieve cells what to do |
|
|
What are companion cells?
|
Thinner than sieve tube member Derived from the same cell STM and CC do not have secondary cell walls |
|
|
What type of pressure is phloem under? |
Positive pressure, like blood It will flow out if cut |
|
|
Callous |
Found in flowering plants Plugs up sieve area to prevent leakage P protien |
|
|
What are vascular bundles made of? |
Fibers on the outside for support and protection Phloem is on the outside Xylem is on the inside |
|
|
What are the properties of protostele? |
Most basal Has a central bundle with xylem and phloem This is surrounded to cortex All of this is surrounded by the epidermis |
|
|
What are the properties of siphonostele? |
Has pith, cortex, vascular bundles, and epidermis These bundles have the phloem surrounded by the xylem |
|
|
What is the purpose of the pith? |
Moves lignified tissue to the outside to resist bending
|
|
|
What are the properties of eustele? |
True stele Wider pith, individual vascular bundles Thinner cortex Most basal seed plants have a eustele |
|
|
What are the properties of Atactostele?
|
Primarily found in monocots Bundles of vascular tissue scattered More bundles closer to the epidermis Bundles are larger closer to the stem No definitive pith or cortex |
|
|
Dichotomously branched leaves |
Bundles are split Earliest form Ginko tree leaves |
|
|
Net venation in leaves
|
Bundles are branched and connect with other bundles Closed system Have blade, petiole, and leaf base |
|
|
Parallel venation in leaves |
Closed system Upper leaf is a brown tip or spine Commonly found in monocots |
|
|
When did leaves evolve? |
When CO2 levels decreased |
|
|
What is a bifacial leaf? |
When the top and the bottom of the leaf look different? |
|
|
What are the layers of a bifacial leaf? |
Adaxial (top) Mesophyll Air Spaces (for gas exchange) Abaxial |
|
|
What are the properties of Mesophyll |
Made of parenchyma Main purpose is to photosynthesise |
|
|
What are the types of mesophyll? |
Palisade (vertically long) Spongy (round and beneath palisade cells) |
|
|
Hypostomatous |
Stoma on the bottom |
|
|
Hyperstomatous |
Stoma on top Used when plant are aquatic |
|
|
Amphostomatous |
Stoma on both sides |
|
|
Unifacial Leaf |
Has very little spongy mesophyll |
|
|
What is the difference between leaves that have grown in the sun and the shade? |
Leaves that have grown in the sun are thinner (length wise) because they don't need as much surface area to catch the same amount of photons. They also have a thicker epidermis. |
|
|
What type of stele has secondary growth? |
Eustele |
|
|
What type of plants undergoes secondary growth? |
All seed plants |
|
|
What is found in the axial regions of pine trees? |
Only tracheids |
|
|
Which is better at resisting embolism spread: vessels or tracheids? |
Tracheids |
|
|
What is the difference between early wood and late wood in pines? |
Tracheids in early wood are bigger (meaning lighter Late wood tracheids are darker because they are smaller |
|
|
Why is early wood less safe than late wood? |
Wider vessels have a greater chance of embolism. Early wood vessels are wider |
|
|
What is found in the axial region in flowering plants? |
Fibers, vessels, and sometimes trachieds |
|
|
What is ring porous wood? |
Wood where the vessels are different sizes between the seasons |
|
|
What is diffuse porous wood? |
All vessels are the same between seasons Only the fiber cell thickness changes |
|
|
What makes up the outer bark? |
Old secondary phloem and periderm |
|
|
What are the properties of cork? |
It is on the outside Dead a maturity Lots of suberin (prevents water loss) |
|
|
What does the periderm replace? |
The epidermis |
|
|
What is the cork parenchyma? |
Same as the phelloderm Storage and sometimes photosynthesis Not produced in all plants |
|
|
What is are Lenticels? |
Whitish bumps on the outside of bark that allow for gas exchange |
|
|
What do guard cell pump in subsidiary cells? |
Hydrogen ions |
|
|
What is the most abundant organic molecule? |
Cellulose
|
|
|
What is the second most abundant |
Lignin |
|
|
SAR |
Systemic acquired resistance immune response by plants against a pathogen |
|
|
What are the properties of bifacial cambium? |
Secondary xylem on the inside and secondary phloem on the outside |
