Quiz 1

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

involves the study of mental activity and behavior

Front 2

Everyone

Back 2

Who does psychology? (intensely trying to understand, predict, and control others around us.)

Front 3

Psychological science

Back 3

involves the study, through quality research, of mind, brain, and behavior.

Front 4

Noncritical Thinking

Back 4

can lead to erroneous conclusions.

–Ignoringevidence (confirmation bias)

–Failingto accurately judge source credibility

–Misunderstandingor not using statistics

–Seeingrelationships that do not exist

–Usingrelative comparisons

Front 5

ProfessionalPsychology

Back 5

InstitutionalAffiliation/PrivatePractice

Front 6

ScientificPsychology

Back 6

Research

Front 7

Nature/Nurture

Back 7

–Example: Language Development•Skinner– Language development is guided by behavior operating on the environment(nurture)•Chomsky– Language development is guided by an innate language-acquisition device(nature)

Front 8

BOTH nature and nurture

Back 8

–Now,psychologists recognize that most phenomena involve___

Front 9

Mind / Body Problem

Back 9

–Aremind and body separate and distinct, or is the mind simply the subjectiveexperience of brain activity?

Front 10

Dualism

Back 10

Psychologistsnow reject___, and believe that mind is produced by brain activity.

Front 11

Characteristicsof valid scientific research

Back 11

Verifiable results, Public disclosure, Cumulative effects

Front 12

Verifiable results

Back 12

Researchis evaluated and the research findings are determined to be reliable and theresulting interpretations are valid (peer review).

Front 13

Public disclosure

Back 13

Peerreviewed findings are published in scientific journals so scientists areinformed and can evaluate and build on them.

Front 14

Cumulative effects

Back 14

Scienceis moved forward by building on past researchragment

Front 15

Research Methods in Psychology

Back 15

Descriptive Studies, Developmental Studies, Experiemental Studies

Front 16

Descriptive Method

Back 16

•Naturalistic and participant observation

•Surveys

•Case studies

•Many case studies by Oliver Sacks

•Luria’s “S”

•Milner’s “H.M.”

•Phinneas Gage

•Correlational studies

Front 17

Naturalistic Observation

Back 17

JaneGoodall, DianFossey

Front 18

Participant Observation

Back 18

•adescriptiveresearchmethod in which the researcher not only observes the research participants, butalso actively engages in the activities of the research participants.

•Thisrequires the researcher to become integrated into the participants' environmentwhile also taking objective notes about what is going on.

•Qualitativeresearch rather than quantitative research

Front 19

Surveys

Back 19

•Opinionpolls•Politicalpolls•Marketingsurveys•AtTech (Office of Assessment):•CIOS•Student Exit Survey•Student Experience Survey•Graduatealumni survey•Etc.

Front 20

Case Study

Back 20

Oliver Sacks - Man who mistook his wife for a hat

Alexander R. Luria - “S” – Solomon Shereshevsky

BrendaMilner - HM - Henry Molaison

Phineas Gage

Front 21

Correlations

Back 21

To what extent do two or more variables co-vary?

ex) New study discussed January 13,2016 in GamesPolitic showed that playing videogames wasrelated to “Acquired Capability for Suicide” (Mitchell et al., 2015)

Front 22

causation

Back 22

A correlation does show a relationship but itdoes not imply___

Front 23

-1 and +1

Back 23

Correlationcoefficient goes between

Front 24

Developmental Method

Back 24

Longitudinal Design and Cross-sectional Design

Front 25

Longitudinal Design

Back 25

Within subject

Front 26

Cross-sectional Design

Back 26

Between subject

subjectscannot be randomly assigned to groups

"quasi-experimentaldesigns"

Front 27

Hypothetical Constructs

Back 27

Psychologistsuse____

Manypsychological constructs cannot be directly measured, but only inferred frombehavior, e.g., Love,learning, personality, intelligence, boredom, memory,emotion, and hunger

Front 28

Importanceof random sampling

Back 28

Socialdesirability bias

Volunteerbias

Front 29

Validity

Back 29

•Measuresshould reflect what they are supposed to reflect. (face, construct, andecological validity)

Front 30

Reliability

Back 30

Measuresneed to be consistent

Front 31

Ethics

Back 31

Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Front 32

IRB Concerns

Back 32

a. Informed consent

b. Deception

c. Inducementsto participate

d. Debriefing

e. Confidentiality

f. NoHarm

Front 33

Manipulate

Back 33

In Experimental Method, We control allvariables except the one that we ______ to try to determine what causes what.

Front 34

independent variable dependent variable

Back 34

We manipulatethe ___ and measure the ___

Front 35

Causation

Back 35

DV = f (IV) :_____

Front 36

Experimental Method

Back 36

The best way todetermine causation is by using the________

Front 37

Experimental method

Back 37

randomly assign participants to groups

Front 38

Quasi-experimental method

Back 38

cannot randomly assign participants to groups (e.g., young andold adults; frontal patients andcontrols)

Front 39

Experimental Method

Back 39

Front 40

falsifiable

Back 40

A theory must be ___

Front 41

testable

Back 41

A hypothesis must be ___

Front 42

manipulation

Back 42

A ___ must be controlled

Front 43

Analysis

Back 43

___ determinessignificance; is it due to chance?

Front 44

Theory

Back 44

An explanation using anintegrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviorsor events.

Front 45

Hypothesis

Back 45

A single, testableprediction, often implied by a theory

Front 46

Null Hypotesis

Back 46

•No difference betweenconditions (cannot be proven)

Front 47

Operational Definition

Back 47

•A statement of theprocedures used to define the research variables.

Front 48

Independent Variable

Back 48

variable wemanipulate, change, control; typically astimulus variable

Front 49

Dependent Variable

Back 49

variable wemeasure; typically a response variable (behavior)

Front 50

Confounding Variable

Back 50

variablevarying with independent variable because of lack of control (third variableproblem)

Front 51

Confounding Variable

Back 51

•In 1949, Dr.Benjamin Sandler noticed a correlation between the incidence of polio and icecream consumption, and concluded sugar made children more susceptible to thedisease.•Public Healthofficials issued warnings about sugar consumption in children.•BUT, it was warm weather that increased thedisease and increase in ice cream consumption. •Viruses become moreactive in the summer.

Front 52

Hypothetical Construct

Back 52

We can only infer many of the major constructs in Psychology byhow we manipulate and measure constructs

Front 53

Operational Definition

Back 53

Explains exactly how the variable will be manipulated and/ormeasured

Front 54

Hypothesis

Back 54

“Taking tests in hot rooms reduces test scores”

Front 55

Variance

Back 55

Variance is very important indetermining____

Front 56

Measuresof central tendency

Back 56

Mean, Median, Mode

Front 57

Measures of Variability

Back 57

Range, Variance, Standard Deviation

Front 58

Mode

Back 58

Most common score

Front 59

Median

Back 59

Middle of all ranked scores

Front 60

Mean

Back 60

Average of all scores

Front 61

Range

Back 61

lowest to the highest

Front 62

Variance

Back 62

V= (SUM)(score - mean)2/n(number of scores) –“average of squareddeviations

Front 63

Standard Deviation

Back 63

sqrt(variance)

Front 64

Standard Score

Back 64

We can take any normal distribution of scores and convert it toa distribution with a mean of 0 and a SD of 1. This allows us to compare scores across distributions. Z=(score-mean of scores)/SD

Front 65

Scientific findings

Back 65

____ are verifiable (Findings are determinedto be reliable and valid through peer review).

Front 66

Public

Back 66

•Scientific findingsare ___ (They must be published and judged by other scientists).

Front 67

cumulative

Back 67

•Scientific findingsare ____ (Scientists build on past research).

Front 68

Experimental Method

Back 68

1.Feedingbehavior in the ordinary house fly– Vincent Dethier (Princeton)

2.Altruism(helping behavior) in social settings – Bibb Latanéand John Darley (Princeton)

3.Memory and aging– Andy Smith (Georgia Tech)

Front 69

Bystander Apathy

Back 69

Catherine Genovese was stabbed and killed but nobody helped because of ____ ______

Front 70

Responsibility

Back 70

Bystander Apathy is caused by diffusion of ___

Front 71

Biopsychology

Back 71

Feeding behavior (starting and stopping eating) – Vincent Dethier

Front 72

Social Psychology

Back 72

Bystander apathy in social situations - Bibb Latané andJohn Darley

Front 73

Cognitive Psychology

Back 73

Memory and aging – Andy Smithnd stopping eating) – vincent dethier

Front 74

adult aging

Back 74

Researchhas shown that retrieval processes for episodic memories are affected by ____

Front 75

Episodic Memory

Back 75

Rememberingevents from our past. (“When did you last see your parents? What were the words we presented to you five minutes ago?”)

Front 76

cues

Back 76

Theretrieval process can be improved if good ____ are available that help encodeduring learning and retrieve at the time of recall.

Front 77

Neurons

Back 77

basic unit of a nervous system

Front 78

central nervous system

Back 78

brain and the spinal cord

Front 79

peripheral nervous system

Back 79

consists of all the nerve cells other than brain and spinal cord

Front 80

sensory neurons

Back 80

____ detect information from the physical world and pass that information along to the brain, usually through the spinal cord

Front 81

Motor neurons

Back 81

direct muscles to contract or relax, producing movement

Front 82

Interneurons

Back 82

communicate within local or short-distance circuits

Front 83

dendrites

Back 83

short, branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons.

Front 84

Cell Body

Back 84

The site in the neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated

Front 85

axon

Back 85

a long narrow outgrowth of a neuron by which information is transmitted to other neurons

Front 86

Central nervous system

Back 86

Brain and Spinal Cord form ___?

Front 87

Peripheral nervous system

Back 87

Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

Front 88

Sensory Neurons

Back 88

Skin, muscles, and joints send signals to the spinal cord and brain

Front 89

Motor Neurons

Back 89

Brain and spinal cord send signals to the muscles, joints, and skin

Front 90

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 90

Prepares body for action "fight or flight"

Front 91

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 91

Returns body to normal state "rest or digest"

Front 92

Spinal Reflex

Back 92

Sensory receptors in skin - sensory neurons - interneuron - motor neuron - muscle contraction raises forearm

Front 93

dendrites, cell body, and axon

Back 93

All neurons contain ____

Front 94

neurons and glial cells

Back 94

Nervous system contains two types of cells, ___ and ____

Front 95

information

Back 95

____ processing in the neuron is electrical and electro-chemical

Front 96

Neuron

Front 97

terminal buttons

Back 97

Dendrites collect all the input from _____ of all presynaptic cells, the cell body gathers and interprets this information, and if it reaches a threshold, the cell fires (action potential generated)

Front 98

Cell Body

Back 98

Synapse - Dendrites - _____ - Axon - Synapse

Front 99

action potential

Back 99

The ____ is all-or-none and it does not diminish along the entire axon

Front 100

strength

Back 100

Number of cells firing and frequency of firing determine the ____ of input

Front 101

excite inhibit

Back 101

Some neurotransmitters ____ post-synaptic cell and others ___ (less likely to have action potential)

Front 102

Agonist

Back 102

increase neurotransmitter action

Front 103

Antagonist

Back 103

decrease neurotransmitter action

Front 104

Alcohol

Back 104

___ is an agonist for GABA, serotonin, dopamine, and the endorphins - it increases their activity

Front 105

antagonist

Back 105

Alcohol is also an ____ for glutamate (reduces learning and memory) - it reduces glutamate activity (glutamate receptors - primary receptors increasing action potentials)

Front 106

prosopagnosia

Back 106

Face blindness

Front 107

Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 107

Language comprehension - can't speak in coherent sentences and understanding speech - don't know that they are not making sense

Front 108

Biopsychology research methods

Back 108

Case Studies, Lesion Studies, EEG, PET,MRI, fMRI, DTI, TMS

Front 109

Genotype

Back 109

Our genetic composition determined at conception

Front 110

Phenotype

Back 110

Observable characteristics determined by dominant genes and environment

Front 111

genetics

Back 111

For most behaviors, both ___ and the environment are important - Caspi Study

Front 112

heuristics

Back 112

mental shortcuts / simple rules people follow

Front 113

Psychological Science

Back 113

the study, through research, of mind, brain, and behavior

Front 114

intuitive

Back 114

Most of us function as ____ psychologists, but many of our intuitions and beliefs are wrong

Front 115

Critical Thinking

Back 115

Systematically questioning and evaluating information using well-supported evidence

Front 116

Culture

Back 116

The beliefs, values, rules, and customs that exist within a group of people who share a common language and environment

Front 117

Nature/Nurture Debate

Back 117

The arguments concerning whether psychological characteristics are biologically innate or acquired through education, experience, and culture

Front 118

Biology

Back 118

___ is increasingly emphasized in explaining psychological phenomena.

Front 119

evolutionary psychology

Back 119

Psychological science has been influenced heavily by _______, which argues that the brain has evolved in response to our ancestors' problems of survival

Front 120

Culture

Back 120

____ provides adaptive solutions. Contemporary psychology is characterized by an increasing interest in cultural norms and their influence on thought processes and behavior

Front 121

mind, brain, and behavior

Back 121

Psychologists share the goal of understanding ________

Front 122

Peer-Reviewed Journals

Back 122

the most trust-worthy source for scientific evidence

Front 123

research

Back 123

a scientific process that involves the careful collection of data

Front 124

scientific method

Back 124

a systematic and dynamic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena

Front 125

theory

Back 125

a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events

Front 126

hypothesis

Back 126

a specific, testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on.

Front 127

replication

Back 127

repetition of a research study to confirm the results

Front 128

Case Study

Back 128

A descriptive research method that involves the intensive examination of an unusual person or organization

Front 129

naturalistic observation

Back 129

A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is a passive observer, separated from the situation and making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior

Front 130

reactivity

Back 130

The phenomena that occurs when knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed

Front 131

Observer Bias

Back 131

Systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer's expectations

Front 132

Experimenter expectancy effect

Back 132

Actual change in the behavior of the people or nonhuman animals being observed that is due to the expectations of the observer

Front 133

Positive Correlation

Back 133

A relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together

Front 134

Negative Correlation

Back 134

A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases when the other decreases

Front 135

zero correlation

Back 135

A relationship between two variables in which one variable is not predictably related to the other.

Front 136

experiment

Back 136

a research method that tests causal hypotheses by manipulating and measuring variables

Front 137

experimental group

Back 137

the participants in an experiment who receive the treatment

Front 138

control group

Back 138

the participants in an experiment who receive no intervention or who receive an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated

Front 139

confound

Back 139

anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study

Front 140

population

Back 140

Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in

Front 141

sample

Back 141

a subset of a population

Front 142

random assignment

Back 142

placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

Front 143

selection bias

Back 143

in an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups; it could be caused by nonrandom assignment to groups

Front 144

descriptive, correlational, and experimental

Back 144

three main types of studies are used in psychological research

Front 145

causality

Back 145

Descriptive and correlational designs are useful for describing and predicting behavior, but they do not assess ____

Front 146

experiments

Back 146

Only ____ allow researchers to determine causality

Front 147

IRB

Back 147

groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it is ethical

Front 148

research animals

Back 148

Strict rules govern research with both human participants and ___

Front 149

IRB

Back 149

Each research study with human participants is evaluated for scientific and ethical validity by an ___

Front 150

privacy, relative risks, informed consent, and access to data

Back 150

Four key issues addressed in the IRB approval process are ___

Front 151

Construct Validity

Back 151

The extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

Front 152

External Validity

Back 152

The degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations

Front 153

internal validity

Back 153

The degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not confounds

Front 154

reliability

Back 154

the degree to which a measure is stable and consistent over time

Front 155

accuracy

Back 155

the degree to which an experimental measure is free from error

Front 156

descriptive statistics

Back 156

statistics that summarize the data collected in a study

Front 157

central tendency

Back 157

A measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole

Front 158

mean

Back 158

a measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers

Front 159

Variability

Back 159

how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean

Front 160

Standard Deviation

Back 160

A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean.

Front 161

Scatterplot

Back 161

A graphical relationship of the relationship between two variables

Front 162

Correlation Coefficient

Back 162

A descriptive statistic that indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables

Front 163

Inferential Statistics

Back 163

A set of assumption and procedures used to evaluate the likelihood that an observed effect is present in the population from which the sample was drawn

Front 164

meta-analysis

Back 164

A "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion

Front 165

construct validity, external validity, and internal validity

Back 165

Data should have ___