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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Propagation definition
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to increase in number
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Definition of Agriculture
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the deliberate cultivation of plants and animals for human use
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Define domestication (of plants)
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the process of selecting wild plants and adapting them to human use
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Who discovered the first observations of genetics?
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Theophrastus (300BC)
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Who are the key players in the plant propagation industry?
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Amateurs
Nurseries and greenhouses wholesale and retail specialist and generalist |
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Specialist propagator
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focuses on one type of plant (fruit trees, grasses, apples, etc.)
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Generalist propagator
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specializes in larger classifications of plants such as annuals and perennials
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3 organizations related to plant propagation information
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American society for Horticultural Science
International Society for Horticultural Science International Plant Propagators Society |
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Define Annual
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Plants that complete the entire sequence from germination to seed dissemination and death in one growing season
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Define Monocarpic
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A plant that dies after flowering
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In horticulture, why are many plants falsely called annuals?
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because they are not cold hardy and die in the winter
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Define Biennial
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Plants that require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle
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Define perennials
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Plants that live for more than two years and repeat the vegetative-reproductive cycle annually
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Define Herbaceous
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Plants with shoots that grow during one season, then die back
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Define Woody plants
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Plants with persistent long-lived shoots with secondary xylem
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Define Species
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A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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In what form are scientific names of plants written? What is the sequence?
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Binomial form
Genus + specific epithet = Species |
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Define Variety (botanical definition)
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A subdivision of a species with a distinct difference that naturally breeds true
written in lowercase italicized text preceeded by "var." Cornus florida var. rubra |
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Define Cultivar
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A cultivated variety
A plant with unique traits that are maintained in cultivation Written with Single quotes and capitalized; placed after specific epithet 'Forest Pansy' |
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What is a hybrid
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the offspring of two or more parent plants of different species or varieties
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How is hybrid written?
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a non-italicized x or a multiplication sign appears between the genus and specific epithet; there is a space if an 'x' is used
Nepeta x faassenii 'Dropmore' Nepeta ×faassenii ‘Dropmore’ |
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The plant patent act (1930, 1954)
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Provides protection for vegetatively produced plants that are new and different cultivated varieties (a plant collected from the wild is not patentable)
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How long is a patent good for?
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20 years
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The Plant Variety Protection Act (1970)
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Provides protection for seed propagated cultivars that are stable, novel, and distinctive
lasts 20 years for most plants, but 25 years for trees, shrubs, and vines |
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Trademark
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Provides protection for a word, symbol, logo, or distinguishable mark
not part of the official name of plant; company can use the same trademark name for different plants Different companies can sell same cultivar under different trademark names |
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how long will a trademark last
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lasts 10 years but may be renewed indefinitely
Federally registered = R common law = TM |
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Who is responsible for the enforcement of patents?
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responsibility of the holder
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What are consequences of violating a patent law?
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destruction of stock and heavy fines
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Why is it important for us to know about patents?
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Be aware of patents and trademarks
weigh the value of patented or trademarked plants against alternatives be able to determine plant names |
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What are the two types of cell division in plants?
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Mitosis
Meiosis |
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Mitosis
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Critical for growth
new identical diploid cells are formed Cells will differentiate into tissues or organs |
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Meiosis
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Critical for sexual reproduction
Allows genetic recombination to produce four unique haploid cells Not identical |
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Define Meristem
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area of active cell division and growth
grows taller, deeper, wider shoot apical meristem, root apical meristem, vascular cambium |
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Define Adventitious
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A structure arising from an unusual or unexpected place
(roots from stem tissue, stems from root tissue) |
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Define Genes
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hereditary unit of inheritance; sequences of DNA coded on chromosomes
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Define Genome:
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all the genes of an organism
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Define Germplasm
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Stored genetic information for an organism
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define genotype
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the genetic composition of a plant
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Phenotype
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the visible EXPRESSION of genes; the actual plant
Genotype + Environment = Phenotype |
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Define Ploidy
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The number of sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
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Haploid
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one set of chromosomes
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Diploid
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Two sets of chromosomes
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Triploid
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three sets of chromosomes
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Tetraploid
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Four sets of chromosomes
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Diploid plants
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Two genes at the same locus may be different or the same
homozygous heterozygous |
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Homozygous
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Identical genes at a particular locus
(diploid plants) Outcome is known with homozygous pairs |
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Heterozygous
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Different genes at a particular locus (diploid plants)
With heterozygous pairs, the outcome is not known |
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Dominant gene
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gene that is expressed
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Recessive Gene
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Gene that is not expressed
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Define "Fixing"
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the process of genetically stabilizing the genotype so the cultivar will breed true from seed
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How is genetic research and the development of plants done?
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DNA markers are used to identify genes and genotypes in the laboratory
May involve recombinant technology (moving genes between organisms) |
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What do we rely on when we start new plants?
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new cell development
(genetic recombination may or may not occur) |
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What determines if we get plants with identical genotypes or different genotypes?
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the means of propagation
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Define totipotency
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A single cell has the necessary genetic factors to reproduce all the characteristics of a plant
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Define Plant Hormones (phytohormones)
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Organic chemicals that regulate growth and development of plants
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Define Plant Growth Regulator
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Any natural or synthetic chemicals that show hormonal effects in plants
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Five plant Hormones
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1. Auxin
2. Cytokinin 3. Abscisic Acid 4. Gibberellins 5. Ethylene |
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What is the first plant hormone discovered by scientists?
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Auxin
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What are all of the different chemical structures of auxin?
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Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) Indole-3-butyric acid-potssium salt (K-IBA) alpha-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) |
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What is auxin responsible for in plants?
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involved in plant tropic response (phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism) by promoting cell elongation
inhibit lateral buds and contributes to apical dominance involved in the formation of abscission layers of leaves and fruit activate cambial growth and initiate adventitious root formation involved in organogenesis in tissue culture |
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Role of Cytokinins
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Required for cell division
involved in breaking bud dormancy can stimulate lateral growth when added to plants involved in organogenesis in tissue culture |
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Role of Gibberellins
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Involved in:
Breaking seed dormancy Germination shoot elongation and plant height determination supplying giberellins improves germination |
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Role of Abscisic Acid (ABA)
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involved with responses to stress
regulates stomatal aperture involved in seed and bud dormancy needs to break down in order for seed to germinate |
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Role of Ethylene
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promotes senescense of leaves, flowers, and fruits
encourages adventitioius root formation induces flowering in some plants may stimulate germination stimulates fruit ripening produced in plants in response to stress, wounding, and fruit ripening |
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What are five factors that influence the success or failure of plant propagation?
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light
temperature water gases mineral nutrients |
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how does light influence the success of plant prop?
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source of radiant energy
signal for development influences transpiration rate may be required for germination |
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how does water influence success of plant propagation?
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source of cooling in plant tissue
source of trugor pressure involved in germination |
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How does temperature influence the success of plant propagation?
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influences transpiration rate
influences root growth rate may be involved in breaking seed dormancy |
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how do gasses influence the success of plant propagation
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oxygen is needed in the root zone during rooting
oxygen is required for respiration |
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How do mineral nutrients influence the success of plant propagation
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propagules should be collected from optimally fertilized plants
nutrients should be provided to plants with roots |
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What are the two stages of structures used for plant propagation?
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structures for germinating, rooting or healing
structures for hardening and growing |
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What are the 5 structures?
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Greenhouses, Hot frames, cold frames, shade house, micropropagation lab
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Hot frame
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An enclosed frame that has heat added to the system (typically steam)
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Cold frame
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An enclosed frame that does not have heat added to the system
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What are the four main types of containers?
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Flats, Cell packs, liners, Containers
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what does substrate selection depend on?
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the setting
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what are the 5 selection guiding principles for selecting a substrate?
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1. Firm and dense enough to hold propagule
2. Physically and chemically stable 3. Appropriate water-holding capacity 4. Sufficiently porous to allow drainage and root growth 5. Free from pests (weeds, insects, pathogens) |
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What are the main methods of fertilizing propagules?
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selecting healthy parent
controlled release fertilizer added to substrate before planting top-dressed controlled release fertilizer after rooting liquid fertilizer after rooting |
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What are four methods to manage humidity?
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enclosure system, intermittent mist system, fogging system
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How does heating affect plant growth?
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increases root formation
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How does cooling affect plant growth?
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reduces transpiration stress
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What are some methods of reducing light?
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shade curtain, shade cloth, white wash
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What is the most essential methods to preventing disease and pests in a propagation environemnt?
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prevention and exclusion through sanitation, inspection, scouting
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What is "Hardening off"
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involves weaning plants off the intensively controlled propagation environment in order to promote a smooth transition to whatever is next.
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What are the tree aspects of a disease triangle?
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Host, environment, pathogen
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