Questions From Quiz 2 For Final

Front 1

how do you correct myopia?

Back 1

with a concave lens

Front 2

pathway of aqueous humor

Back 2

produced by ciliary epithelium, flows into anterior chamber and out through trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm

Front 3

cell layers of the eye

Back 3

photoreceptors (rods and cones)
horizontal cell
bipolar cell
amacrine cell
ganglion cell

Front 4

more sensitive to scattered light; for night vision; lower acuity

Back 4

rods

Front 5

less photopigment; day vision; most sensitive to direct axial rays; high acuity

Back 5

cones

Front 6

what determines whether ganglion cells is "on-center" vs. "off-center"

Back 6

type of glutamate receptor that is expressed

Front 7

what type of ganglion cell projections mediate the pupillary reflex?

Back 7

W type

Front 8

where do P type ganglion cells project and what type of info do they carry?

Back 8

to layers 3-6
info about color vision

Front 9

where do M type ganglion cells project and what type of info do they carry?

Back 9

to layers 1-2
infor about movement

Front 10

6 neocortical layers from outside to inside

Back 10

molecular layer
external granular layer
external puramidal layer
internal granular layer
internal pyramidal layer
fusiform layer

Front 11

which layer of neocortex is primary recipeient of thalamocortical inputs?

Back 11

layer IV

Front 12

which layer of neocortex is main source of projections to thalamus from cortex?

Back 12

layer VI

Front 13

what type of visual info does dorsal pathway carry and where does it go?

Back 13

motion
depth perception
relative size
parietal lobe

Front 14

what type of visual info does ventral pathway carry and where does it go?

Back 14

object/form recognition
temporal lobe

Front 15

what does vestibulooccular reflex do?

Back 15

keep eyes fixed on a target when the head is moving

Front 16

what makes endolymph and what is special about it?

Back 16

stria vascularis
K+ rich

Front 17

lateral and medial vestibulospinal tract

Back 17

adjust head position and tone of body with movement of head
righting reflexes
tonic neck reflexes

Front 18

reticular formation

Back 18

for ANS responses to vestibular stimulation

Front 19

ventral posteroinferior nucleus and ventral posterolateral nucleus

Back 19

projects to postcentral gyrus for conscious perception of movement

Front 20

MLF

Back 20

links medial moving eye to lateral one

Front 21

attenuation reflex

Back 21

tensor tympani and stapedium muscle stiffen ossicles in response to loud sounds

Front 22

inner hair cells

Back 22

afferents

Front 23

outer hair cells

Back 23

efferents from superior olivary complex
exhibit electromotility

Front 24

dorsal cochlear nuclei

Back 24

info about frequency

Front 25

ventral cochlear nuclei

Back 25

info about sound localization--go to sup. olivary nuclei and cross to both sides

Front 26

where is auditory space map made?

Back 26

inferior colliculus

Front 27

filiform

Back 27

no taste receptors

Front 28

fungiform

Back 28

throughout tongue

Front 29

foliate

Back 29

along back of tongue along edges

Front 30

vallate

Back 30

back of tongue--have about 1/2 of tast receptors

Front 31

what does pineal produce?

Back 31

melatonin

Front 32

epithalamus

Back 32

pineal gland and habenular nuclei

Front 33

purpose of epithalamus

Back 33

way for limbic structures and olfactory stimuli to affect brainstem reticular formation (behavior)

Front 34

what results from damage to subthalamus

Back 34

hemiballism

Front 35

what thalamic nucleus does not project to the cerebral cortex?

Back 35

reticular thalamic nucleus

Front 36

tonic mode

Back 36

slight depolarization results in discharge; hyperpolarization results in inhibition--transmits patterned info accurately

Front 37

burst mode

Back 37

no transmission of specific info
slight depolarization opens special voltage gated calcium channels

Front 38

three types of thalamic nuclei

Back 38

relay nuclei
association nuclei
nonspecific nuclei

Front 39

fxn of relay nuclei

Back 39

receive well defined input and project to functionally distinct areas of cortex

Front 40

fxn of association nuclei

Back 40

most input from cerebral cortex and project to association areas of cerebral cortex--maintain normal level of cortical activity and may regulate communication between cortical areas

Front 41

fxn of nonspecific nuclei

Back 41

receive input from midbrain reticular formation, project widely in cerebral cortex
ascending reticular activating system
damage can result in coma

Front 42

ascending reticular activating system

Back 42

see activity in midbrain when drowsy, but acitivity in thalamus when alert

Front 43

what separates the thalamus into regions?

Back 43

internal medullary lamina

Front 44

input to ventral posterolateral nucleus

Back 44

medial lemniscus
spinothalamic

Front 45

input to ventral posteromedial nucleus

Back 45

trigeminothalamic-->projects to primary somatosensory area in postcentral gyrus

Front 46

fxn of ventral tier of lateral region of thalamus

Back 46

somatosensory

Front 47

ventral lateral nucleus

Back 47

inputs: cerebellar afferents (dentate) and basal gangia
projects to primary motor area of precentral gyrus al to premotor area

Front 48

fxn of ventral lateral nucleus

Back 48

involved in movement especially planning and initiating

Front 49

dorsal tier of lateral region of thalamus

Back 49

pulvinar, lateral posterior and lateral dorsal nuclei

Front 50

input and projection of dorsal tier of lateral region of thalamus

Back 50

inputs: superior colliculs and association cortex
projects to secondary visual areas and to parieto-temporo-occipital association area

Front 51

fxn of dorsal tier of lateral region of thalamus

Back 51

attention and eye movement; probably plays some role in directing attention

Front 52

metathalamus

Back 52

medial (auditory) and lateral (visual) geniculate

Front 53

anterior nucleus of thalamus

Back 53

afferents from hippocampus and mammillary bodies
projects to posterior cingulate cortex
may fxn in learning and emotions

Front 54

intralaminar nuclei

Back 54

centromedian and parafascicular nuclei
afferents from superior colliculus, piriform cortex, and ventral pallidum
project to frontal eye fields and anterior cingulate cortex
fxn in eye-head control and attn

Front 55

centromedian nucleus

Back 55

input from globus pallidus
projects to area 4 and entire neocortex
? motor fxn

Front 56

what separates thalamus and reticular nucleus?

Back 56

external medullary lamina

Front 57

reticular nucleus

Back 57

afferents from brainstem reticular formation, thalmocortical fibers, cortex
Fxns as part of thalamic feedback circuit
? important in sleep/wake

Front 58

medial MD and midline nuclei

Back 58

afferents from solitary nucleus, substantia nigra, amygdala, and ventral pallidum
projects to insula, orbitofrontal and subcallosal cortex
fxn in autonomic regulation and emotion

Front 59

motor unit

Back 59

single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it attaches to

Front 60

motor pool

Back 60

group of neurons going to muscle

Front 61

Type I muscle fibers
(red/slow)

Back 61

small fiber size
small neuron size
moderate speed of contraction
low tension
high aerobic metabolism
fatigue resistant

Front 62

Type II muscle fibers
(white/fast)

Back 62

large fiber size
large neuron size
very fast speed of contraction
high tension
low aerobic metabolism
fatigues easily

Front 63

what do most descending tracts synapse on?

Back 63

interneurons

Front 64

lateral motor neurons go to?

Back 64

limbs

Front 65

medial motor neurons go to?

Back 65

axial muscles

Front 66

tracts that run in lateral funiculus have stronger influence on?

Back 66

limbs

Front 67

tracts that run in ventral horn control?

Back 67

axial muscles

Front 68

rubrospinal tract

Back 68

arises from red nucleus
crosses at ventral tegmental decussation
descends in lateral funiculus
controls movements of more proximal limb flexor muscles

Front 69

tracts that descend in MLF

Back 69

tectospinal
medial vestibulospinal
pontine reticulospinal

Front 70

characteristics of tracts that descend in MLF

Back 70

do not extend beyond upper thoracic region
distribute bilaterally
mainly control axial muscles

Front 71

tectospinal tract

Back 71

from superior colliculus with input from cortex, visual, auditory, and somatic sensory systems
descends in MLF and anterior funiculus
terminates in medial part of intermediate gray
crosses at dorsal tegmental decussaion
generates reflex head and eye movement to orient to sudden stimuli

Front 72

pontine reticulospinal

Back 72

originates in pontine reticular formation

Front 73

medial vestibulospinal tract

Back 73

from medial vestibular nucleus
terminates bilaterally in medial part of ventral horn
reflex adjustment of head position to vestibular stimuli

Front 74

lateral vestibulospinal tract

Back 74

from lateral vestibular nucleus
runs lenght of spinal cord in ventral part of lateral funiculus
terminates ipsilaterally at all levels
powerfully excites extensor motor neurons

Front 75

reticulospinal tracts

Back 75

control generalized, gross movements, regulates gamma motor neuron activity and sensory transmission
strongly associated with muscle tone--stabilizes trunk as you move
activated by corticobulbar tract
predominantly inhibitory to reflexes

Front 76

corticospinal tract

Back 76

voluntary command for movement; can regulate sensory transmission through dorsal horn
arises from motor cortex from Betz cells
axons traverse posterior limb of internal capsule
run through basal pons and comprise pyramids
converge at internal capsule

Front 77

corticobulbar tract

Back 77

cortex to brainstem
affect cranial nerve nuclei, sensory transmission nuclei
activate brainstem nuclei involved in movement
project to pons for relay to cerebellum

Front 78

reticular formation

Back 78

affect muscle tone, autonomic responses, and level of alertness

Front 79

fxn of cerebellum

Back 79

modulates movement--detects motor error and provides corrections to improve performance
regulates activity of upper motor neurons in descending motor pathways

Front 80

cerebellar input pathways

Back 80

contralateral from cerebral cortex (via pontine nuclei)
ipsilateral from vestibular nuclei, inferior olive, and cord

Front 81

output from cerebellum

Back 81

motor cortex via deep cerebellar nuclei and thalamus
superior colliculus
brainstem motor centers like reticular formation and vestibular nuclei

Front 82

superior cerebellar peduncle connects?

Back 82

cerebellum and midbrain

Front 83

middle cerebellar peduncle connects?

Back 83

cerebellum and pons

Front 84

inferior cerebellar peduncle connects?

Back 84

cerebellum and medulla

Front 85

vestibulocerebellum

Back 85

flocculus and nodulus
posture, balance, reflex eye movements

Front 86

spinocerebellum

Back 86

vermis and intermediate zone
regulates muscle tone and adjusts ongoing movements

Front 87

cerebrocerebellum

Back 87

planning and initiation of skilled movements

Front 88

paired deep cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral

Back 88

fastigial
interposed (globose and emboliform)
dentate

Front 89

mossy fibers have cell bodies where?

Back 89

pontine nuclei
vestibular nuclei
spinal cord

Front 90

climbing fibers have cell bodies where?

Back 90

inferior olive of medulla

Front 91

what do mossy and climbing fibers do?

Back 91

EXCITE Purkinje cells

Front 92

what do parallel fibers do?

Back 92

make excitatory connections wiht multiple Purkinje cell that lie in same transverse plane--excitation occurs in rows

Front 93

what else do parallel fibers excite and what do they do?

Back 93

inhibit Purkinje cells
stellate cells
basket cells (lateral inhibition)
golgi cells (reduce granule cell activity)

Front 94

what are the source of output from cerebellar cortex?

Back 94

Purkinje cell axons

Front 95

Purkinje cells are what?

Back 95

INHIBITORY

Front 96

what does vermis receive info from?

Back 96

trunk muscles

Front 97

what does intermediate zone receive info from?

Back 97

limb muscles

Front 98

what do cerebellar lesions cause?

Back 98

persistent errors in movement