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119 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the joining of 2 chemical moieties, occurs during phase II metabolism?
conjugation
Reactive metals are ususlly arc welded under a sheild of inert gas such as argon. metals that are welded in this manner include aluminum and titanium. The major pollutants from this operation is? (2)
MIG produces relatively little fume. However, it does produce significants amounts of UV and as a secondary pollutant, ozone.
Sampling lines can introduce what problems ?
can introduce interfering compounds into the air stream, and they can remove some of the contaminants through condensation, absoption, or reaction with sampling train components.
What is a Roentgen?
The amount of X or gamma radiation that produces ionization resulting in 1 electrostatic unit of change in 1 cm3 of dry air at STP
The basic shell structure for the nucleus is:
Two protons and two neutrons shell structure.
For low Z materials (Z 82), the repulsion of the protons is so great for "unstable isotopes" that the nucleus becomes unstable. To gain stability, the nucleus can emit one shell in the form of 2P + 2N, which is the alpha "decay" particle.
Which chemical is characteristically related to Oat Cell Carcinoma of the lung?
Bis-chloromethyl ethe

Prolonged exposure to bis-chloromethyl ether has been shown to cause Oat Cell Carcinoma of the lung.
A "pig" is a:
container used to ship or store radioactive items
What are 3 means for removing particles from the alveoli ?
phagocytosis
lymphatics
phy
Traditionally, three levels of hazards have been differentiated: name them from least to most serious
caution, warning, danger
The Middle Ear's ossicles are termed "hammer, anvil and stirrup" for their physical resemblence to these items. What are their respective latin names?
Starting from closest to the outer ear: Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil) and Stapes (stirrup).
What is cerumen?
earwax
What is the term used to describe a genetically determined abnormal susceptibility to a chemical?
chemical idiosyncrasy
the unit "mega" relates to ?
10^6
the unit "giga" relates to?
10^9
the unit "pico" relates to
10^-12
What is true about the static pressure given in a ventilation system?
It is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow.

it tends to collapse the duct in an exhaust system.

it acts in all directions

it is available to do work
A regression equation is used to:
predict the value of the dependent ariable based on the independent variable.
What type of distribution is used to determine the probability that an event may occur a specified number of times?
Poisson distributon
hopcalite may be used to detect?
CO
the principle of the rotameter is similar to ?
variable orifice meter

as the float rises the annular width varies in the rotameter. An analogous condition is present when the orifice size is changed in a varaible orifice meter.
What is mutualism and what is an example?
Mutualism - bacteria live in the digestive system of humans, assisting humans in digesting food, which benefits both organsims.

Ecoli and humans.
fribrosis of the lung, if extensive, is disabling because of:
the elasticity of lung tissue is greatly diminshed

functioning alveoli are replaced with scar tissue.
the fresnel region of an antenna is the?
Near field region of a large antenna
what is the initial geometeric mean frequency for an octave band analyzer
31.5 Hz.
what type of instrument uses chemiluminescence?
direct readig instruments for ozone utilize chemiluminescence as the analytical technique.
In worker's compensation cases for hearing loss the term high fence is often used. High fence also varies by state. What is the meaning of the term high fence?
point of 100% hearing loss.
What are the 3 forces acting on a particle?
Forces acting upward: bouyancy (float)
viscous drag (resisting the accelaration of gravity)

Downward:
mass (body force resulting fron gravitational attraction)
what happens when welding in the vicinity of chloridanted solvents?
heat and UV from the arc will decompose the vapors and form phosgene (highly toxic and irritating)

Phosgene reacts with mosiiture in the lungs to produce hydrogen chloride, which distroys lung tissue.
tendons on outside of elbow injured or strained. Caused by repeating impacting or jerky throwing motions,
Epicondylitis (tennis elbow)
ocupational risk factors for ergonomic injuries (6)
repetitive motions
duration
joint deviation
force
cold
vibration
non-occupational risk factors for ergo injuries?
rheumatoid arthritis
endocrinological disorders
acute trauma
obesity
pregnancy
diabetes
Alfatoxins colonize and contaminate ?
grain before harvest and during storage.

Alfatoxins = mycotoxins (fungus/mold) that are produced by many specieis of Aspergillus.
Native habitat of Aspergillus is ?
soil, decaying vegetation, hay and grain. Invades all types of organic substances whenever conditions are favorable for its growth. High mositure content and high temperatures.

Toxin can be found in the milk of animals that are fed on contaminated food.
TLV objective is to prevent the deep body temperature from falling below?
36C
For a single, occasional exposure to cold environment, a drop in core temper to no lower than _ C is permitted?
35
In addition to provisions for total body protection, the TLV objective is to protect all body parts with emphasis on?
hands
feet
head
adequate instulating dry clothing to maintain core temperatures above 36C must be povided to workers if work is being performed in air temperatures below ?
4C
if work is performed continously in cold at an ECT or below _C heated warming shelters should be made available nearby?
-7C
For work practice at or below -12C ECT, the following should apply:
1. buddy system or supervision
2. work rate should not be so high as to cause heavy sweating, if heavy work must be done, rest periods in heated shelters should be available.
what is the irradiance of a laser on a surface with a diameter ?
Irradiance
If >_% of the contaminant is detected, breakthrough is evident.
25%
describe the appearance of symptoms for a person infected with TB?
People infected with TB may never develop active TB. Therefore, sx may never be apparent. Unless an individual has active TB (sx) they are not infectious. TB infected people always test positive for TB.
Standard assumptions made in relating toxicological data to human exposures?
Avg human weight is 70 kg
animal susceptibility same humans
pulmonary ventilation rate is 20lpm
the proper chair height for a person should be adjusted to the following measurement?
popliteal height

the popliteal height is the measurement from the floor up to the hamstring muscle while in a sitting posotion. ANSI
what radiation monitoring device uses a crystal with an added impurity to trap electrons during radiation exposure?
thermoluminescent dosimeter

after the electrons are trapped, the TLD is subjected to a heating process. The trapped electrons emit optical photons (light) which is measured to determine exposure.
An aviator uses supplemental O2 when above 12000 ft bc?
partial pressure of O2 is too low.

the partial pressure of 02 is the driving force for the exchange of O2 and CO2. If the partial pressure is too low, anoxia, will results.
what type of respirator is required for level c protection?
full face or half face air purifying
what type of fan is commonly called a squirrel cage?
forward curved blade
In collecting thoracic particulate mass samples, what particle aerodynamic diameter should be collected with 50% effciency?
10 microns
when designing the exhaust hood for a horizontal belt sander the exhaust air flow ar the head for the sander should be _ than the exhaust air flow at the tail end.
greater than exhaust at the tail end.
relative humidity is a ratio of?
wet bulb and dry bulb with psychometric chart
most common fungi that is airborne and transported over long distances?
Cladosporium
According to lung models, clearance time depends on what particle characteristics (3)
shape
density
size
the electrostatic precipitator is used to sample ?

fumes
vapors
gas
mists
FUMES

ESP are good at collecting solid particle
in lifetime anmial bioassays, it is recommended by the national tox program that the highest dose tested be?
The MTD

maximmally tolerated dose.
what microscope type is used to analyze asbestos incorporates phase contrast capability?
an opitcal microscope used to count fibers.

phase contrast is used to enhace the contrast of opitcal microscope, so that individual fibers can be more easily counted.

The standard optical microscope fiber counting methods (NIOSH 7400) call for the use of a phase-contrast optical microscope
in the shielding equation I=Ioe^µX, if u is larger it means that the sheilding material is?
a more effective sheild.

µ represents the linear attenuation coefficient, which is the portion of the radiation interacting with the shielding material per unit thickness of the shielding material.
which of the following produces a fibrotic reaction in the lung?
talc - can cause a nodular fibrosis.
CO2 (carbon dioxide) laser has a wavelegth in the ___ region?
Infared region

wavelength = 10.6 micrometers, are invisble and can cause retinal damage.
the deposition of liquid particles in the respiratory system is dependent on?
solubility in water

a liquid solubility in water and its reactivity are the determind factors in the deposition of liquid particles in the respiratory system, as compared to solid particles, which depend on specific gravity and particle diameter.
fan laws are based on the assumption that static pressure loss is?
porptional to the square of the air flow.
which is not a known health effect of EO exposure?

A.) mixed motor-sensory peripheral neuropathy
B.) nausea and vomitting
C.) Hepatic dysfunction
D.) toxic encephalopathy
EO is a mucous membrane and skin irritant.

High doses can cause acute toxic encephalopathy and peripheral nervous system abnormalities.

Nausea, vomiting, headache, and disorientation have also been seen with exposure.

No hepatic dysfunction has been reported.
dermatitis tends to be most severe in which of the following industries?

silver
meat packing
lead battery
concrete products
silver > meat packing > lead battery > concrete.
what is colophony?
produced when pine resin flux is used in soldering.
which of the following has been associated with occupational asthma?

beryllium fume
colophony
chromium compounds
both colophony and chromium salts have been associated with occupational asthma.

Beryllium, although it causes severe pulmonary disease, has not been shown to cause asthma.
The lung is commonly considered as an organ designed to absorb materials into the body. Which of the following substances are partially excreted through the lungs ?

benzene
carbon tetrachloride
CO
all of above
all are excreted through the lun (in varying degrees)
In worker's compensation cases for hearing loss the term high fence is often used. High fence also varies by state. What is the meaning of the term high fence?
High fence is a term that describes the point of 100% hearing loss. High fence varies according to state law.
Which of the following types of cells is LEAST sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation ?

oocytes
neurons
firbroblasts
hematopoietic stem cells
The radiosensitivity of cells is directly related to their reporductive capacity and indirectly to their degree of differentiation. Thus, highly specialize cells that rarely if ever divide (neurons and erthrocytes are high resistant). Whereas unspecializeds cells (bone marrow, stem cells) are much more susceptible.
commerical grade talc is heavily contaminated with
asbestos

sometimes silica
What is the complement immunologic system?
set of 20 large proteins that help certain immunologic reactions. It helps enhance phagocytosis, produces inflammation, and directly lyses or destroys some organisms. It does not stimulate antibody functions.
The chemical component of the smoke tubes used in ventilation studies is:
titanium tetrachloride
Spectrophotometers use all of the following ?
uv light
infared light
visible light
The NRCP annual Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) for occupational exposure to forearms and ankles is?
forearms and ankles are allowed 300 mSv (30rem) per year and 100mSv per quarter.
What temperature do thermophilic bacteria prefer?
thermophilic bacteria prefer hot environments great than 50C.
What temperatures to psychophilic bacteria prefer ?
<10 0r 20C
In the Stokes regime, particle terminal settling velocity is a function of what?
particle diameter
particle density
gas viscosity

Terminal settling velocity is the final velocity a particle attains when subjected to gravity and drag forces and is not a function of the particle's initial velocity.
When incurring a Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) due to a noisy workplace, most of the TTS occurs?
within the first 1-2 hours of exposure.
which of the following types of air cleaners typically develops the highest pressure drop?

venturi scrubber
ESP
packed tower
gracity seperator
Pressure drop across a venturi scrubber can be as high as 100"wg
a strong sensitizing agent is found in Western Red Cedar. It has been shown to cause occupational asthma. This sensitizer is?
Plicatic acid is thought to be the causative agent in the asthma sceen in workers exposed to Western Red Cedar wood dust.
A sling psychrometer is used to measure?
The sling psychrometer measures the water vapor of the air by measuring the dry bulb temp and the wet bulb temp. Water vapor content can then be found by consulting a psychrometric chart.
Alkenes (and other compounds) can often have the same chemical formula, but have different structures. What is this called?
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but that differ only in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.
What type of radiation is produced during nuclei decay?
gamma rays orginatein the nucleus. The energy of the gamma rays produced in the decay of the nuclei can be accurately determined and is specific for certain isotopes. The technique is very sensitive but requires a large source of high energy neutrons, e.g. nuclear reactor.
Bremsstrahlung is produced in what process?
Photons from the COMPTON EFFECT have unpredictable energies on an individual basis and are given the name of "general" radiation, which is called bremsstrahlung.
400-300nm
UV-A
320-280nm
UV-B

mid-range UV causes the most damage.
280-220
UVC
ozone is produced in air by sources emitting UV at wavelengths below?
250nm
class 2 lasers have power levels not great than?
no greater than 1 milliwatt
If an IH notices a definite reduction in noise in moving from one point to another, what minimum reduction would this represent?
it is generally accepted that a 3dB change is about the minimum noticeable difference.
A flanged circular opening is used as an exhaust hood. How far from this opening should the hood SP be measured?
3 duct diameters.
how is phosgene generated during welding.
phosgene is formed by decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons solvents by UV.
How does phosgene react once inhaled?
phosgene reacts with moisture in the lungs to produce hydrogen chloride (HCL). HCL destroys lung tissue.
how is ozone produced during welding?
ozone is produced by UV light from the welding arc.
What types of welding produce the greatest quantities of ozone?
gas metal arc welding
gas tungsten arc welding
plasm arc cutting
How is nitrogen oxides produced in welding?
UV light of the arc can produce nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2).
What type of welding uses a blanket of inert gas seals off the atmosphere and prevents oxidation and contaminantion while welding. Uses argon, helium, nitorgen, carbon dioxide.
Gas-sheilded arc welding

- metal inert gas (MIG)
- tungsten inert gas (TIG)
retinal burns are caused by UV_ and ?
retinal burns are caused by UVA and infared
cataracts are caused by UV_ and ?
UVB and infared
how many cups are in a pint?
2 cups = 1 pint
Terminal Settling Velocity

V=0.0052(SG)D^2
V=0.0052(SG)D^2

V=fpm
SG=specific gravity of particle
D=particle diameter (mircon)
What substances has been thought to be associated with the production of cardiac arrhythmias?
Chlorofluorocarbons

They are thought to sensitize the heart to epinephrine.
The _ form of arsenic are the most important toxicologically.
Trivalent or arsenite compounds are generally more toxic.
NIOSH indicates that the major factors associated with IAQ include
50% were related to deficiencies in ventilation
10% have no observable cause
30% were related to some indoor air contaminant.
only 10% were attributed to an outdoor air source.
In cyanide electroplating of brass, what components may be released into the atmosphere?
cyanide salts, NH4OH

HCL and HNO3 should never be used around cyanides bc of potential to form HCN.
MONDAY MORNING ANGINA is associated with exposure to which of the following agents?
Nitroglycerin

After prolonged exposure, anginal pain may appear at the end of the weekend or vacations. Nitroglycerine may have cardiotoxic effects. It is used to treat some forms of heart conditions.
In the treatment of cyanide poisoning what should be administered ?
sodium nitrite
he major effects target organs of lead toxicity include the nervous system, blood, and _______
kidney

although lead will accumulate in bone, it does not exert major effects there.
what chemical am I?

-low concentrations, acts primarily as a respiratory irritant.
-mild forms of poisioning are characterized by irritation of the conjunctive with photophobia.
-Powerful asphyxiant formed in process which sulfur is combined with organic chemicals at high temps.
-exposure to levels >150ppm, olfactory nerve paralysis occurs.
Hydrogen sulfide.
What chemical am I?

I am a herbicide used to control marijuana growth, causes renal failure folowed by acute alveolitis and rapid pulmonary fribrosis when ingested.
Paraquat
Procarcinogen, precarcinogen, secondary carcinogen, and indirect acting carcinogens are all terms implying
activation-dependence.

Activation-independence, direct acting, or primary carcinogen are those which the parent molecule is the ultimate carcinogen.
small moelcular weight compounds that react with proteins in the body to produce a substance that is antigenic (substance capable of inducing an immune response).
Hapten.
In studying laboratory animals, when is the period of greatest susceptibility to teratogenic agents?
during oranogenesis

period in development when organs are forming.
What type of respiratory irritants are phosgene, phosphine and nitrogen dioxide ?
pulmonary irritants to the deeper recesses of the lung. Not strong irritants to eye or mucous membranes.
Exposure to trichloroethylene vapors followed by ingestion of alcohol leads to the severe flushing reaction, known as ?
Degreaser's flush.
In contrast to elemental mercury, cobalt SALTS are _____________ absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
Serious late effects of the eye are most common with:
alkali burns to the eye (cornea) from substances such as ammonia or sodium hydroxide.
Exposure to which of the following irritant gases would most likely irritate the lower reaches of the respiratory tract?

Chlorine
Nitorgen dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen chloride
Chlroie, ammonia and hydrogen chloride are more soluble in water than NO2 and woudl likely be catured by the upper respriatory tract and are more irritating "honest" gas.

NO2 can reach the lower respriatory tract.
Phosphorus compounds can cause skin burns, ocular irritation and what 3 other heath affects?
CNS despression and pulmonary edema.

Elemental phosphorus leads to aseptic necrosis of the bone
Although it receives less blood flow than the medullary region of the kidney, the cortex is as sensitive and sometimes more sensitive to toxic chemicals. This is due to:
Countercurrent trapping of toxicant.

Due to the low blood flow to the medulla and the anatomic arrangement of the vas recta and loops of henle (U-shaped curves), it is possible for a chemical to become trapped by the countercurrent mechanism and for relatively high local concentrations to be achieved.