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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The difference between a conceptual definition and an operational definition. Give an example of each.
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Conceptual: describes what a concept means by relating it to other abstract concepts
Operational: describes a concept in terms of its observable and measurable characteristics or behaviors, by specifying how the concept can be observed in actual practice |
Example: Define communication competence.
Conceptual: Communication competence is how efficient a person can transfer a message or convey meaning to other people. Operational: Communication competence is making eye contact, using natural hand gestures, stringing words together so smoothly that it feels like silk. |
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The four levels of measurement and their characteristics. Give an example of each level
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Nominal: Differentiating variables based on type or category.
Ordinal: Differentiating variables nominally AND ranking them along some dimension. Interval: Differentiates nominally and ordinally, but also establishes equal distances along the measurement scale. Contains an aribitrary 0 value, but variable doesn't cease to exist. Ratio: Differentiates nominally, ordinally, and intervally, but also has an absolute zero point on the measurement scale where the variable ceases to exist |
Examples:
Nominal: Music genres Ordinal: Ranking music genres in order from great to bad (rock, electronica, jazz, pop, country) Interval: Temperature in Fahrenheit (0 degrees, 10 degrees, etc.) Ratio: Temperature in Kelvin (0 degrees is absolute 0, thermal motion ceases to exist) |
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The three operational procedures researchers use. One strength, one weakness of each.
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Self-reports: asking people to comment on themselves.
Others'-reports: asking people to describe other people. Behavioral acts: observing people's behaviors |
Self-reports:
Strength: efficient way to ascertain people's beliefs, attitudes, and values. Weakness: people might be inaccurate when asked to think about behaviors they normally don't think about. Others'-reports: Strength: Could be more accurate with an outside perspective as opposed to the self-reports Weakness: Still could be as inaccurate as self-reports. Behavioral Acts: Strength: Direct observation of behaviors allows for more hard evidence to be gathered (less subjectivity). Weakness: If someone knows they are being observed, the data might be skewed because the person doesn't act naturally. |
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Synonym for Validity. Know the difference between internal validity and external validity
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Synonym: accuracy
Internal: refers to the ways a study is conducted External: refers to whether the conclusions can be generalized |
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Synonym of Reliability. Explain the relationship between reliability and validity.
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Synonym: Consistency
Relationship: Studies are the most successful when they are valid and reliable. If a study is one but not the other, the results can't be trusted. |
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Three types of threats to internal validity. Also..the specific threats comprising these types. Theres a lot of specific threats so...fuck that
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Types:
How research is conducted The participants, The researchers |
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Identify the three issues that affect external validity
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Sampling: finding the participants
Ecological validity: research that actually occurs in real-life circumstances. Replication: repeats or duplicates a previous study in some manner |
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Know what is meant by a census, random sample, and nonrandom sample. Identify the most important characteristic of a sample. Know the four types of random and five types of nonrandom samples.
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Census: studying every member of a population.
Random Sample: Participants have an equal chance of being assigned to each condition. Nonrandom: participants have a better chance of being put in some conditions over others. Most important aspect of a sample: it is representative of its population. 4 types of random: simple, systematic, stratified, cluster. 5 types of nonrandom: convenience, volunteer,purposive, network, quota |
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Define ethics and research ethics.
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moral principles and recongnized rules of conduct regarding a particular class of human action.
research ethics: moral principles and recognized rules of conduct governing the activities of researchers |
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Identify the four general ethical guidelines for the treatment of research participants.
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?
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Know difference between anonymity and confidentiality.
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Anonymity: when researchers cannot connect responses to the individuals who provided them.
Confidentiality: when researchers know who said what, but promise not to reveal that information publicly. |
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Know the fundamental purpose of experimental research.
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Purpose: To establish causal effects between variables.
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Know the three requirements for inferring causality between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
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1: The independent variable must precede the dependent.
2: The independent and dependent must covary (go together in a meaningful way) 3: The changes in the dependent variable must come from changes in the independent, not from something else. |
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Know the difference between random sampling and random assignment
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Random assignment: participants have an equal chance of being put in a condition.
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Explain the fundamental difference between full, quasi, and pre experiments.
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Full: random assignment
Quasi: nonrandom assignment, pretests Pre-experiment: nonrandom, no pretests |
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Know why Douglas's study was full, why Kreps's was quasi.
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Douglas: Had manipulation of the variables and random assignment.
Kreps: Had manipulation of variables but nonrandom assignment since he observed sessions of a school group. |
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Main effect vs interaction effect.
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Main effect is the effect of one independent variable, interaction effect is the combined effect of two or more independent variables.
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Know the basic purpose of survey research.
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To ask questions about the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of respondents in order to gain perspective of the population they represent.
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Identify the three applied uses of survey research.
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Political polls: polling people on politics.
Market research: determine current and predict future levels of consumption of products and services Evaluation research: surveys used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain programs or products |
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Explain the correlational nature of survey research and which of the criteria for establishing causation survey research meets most easily.
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correlational: assessing the variables at one point in time, then analyze the relationships among them.
Covary? |
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Identify one strength and one limitation of Boatn and Frey's study.
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Strength: had internal validity and they tried a lot to obtain a census.
Limitation: Random sampling would have been useful since the response rate was so low. |
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