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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Normal" is hard to define so we use the term "________ _______", which are calculated based on sampling a group of apparently healthy animals.
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Reference interval
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True or false. The age, breed, gender, pregnancy status and husband all affect reference interval.
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True
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What is different about alkaline phosphatase levels in young animals? Inorganic phosphate?
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Alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphate is higher in younger animals than adults because of bone growth.
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Colostrum is high in ____.
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GGT
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Do males or females tend to have a higher PCV?
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Males
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How is the PCV affected during pregnancy? Calcium?
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Lower PCV during pregnancy bc of increase in plasma volume
Decreased calcium during lactation because secreted in milk |
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_______ eosinophil granules look different and they have a higher PCV and lower platelet count.
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Greyhound
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______ and _____ have smaller RBCs than other breeds.
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Akitas & shibas
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How do diets that can help dissolve stones (stop urolithiasis) affect blood work?
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These diets cause a decrease in pH, calcium and inorganic phosphate levels
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In order to calculate a reference interval you want to calculate as many as possible but want at least ___ samples.
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40 (minimum)
Recommend 120 |
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The reference interval of blood work most often includes the mean, +/- ___ standard deviations. This means that ___% of healthy animals are outside the reference range for any single analyte.
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2; 5% (1 out of 20)
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The balance of ___ has a very tight reference interval compared to cholesterol, which has a rather wide reference interval.
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K+
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What is the goal of all tests in veterinary medicine?
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Tests should correctly detect all the animals who have disease without incorrectly identifying animals who do not have the disease.
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What is the sensitivity?
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A measure of the frequency of the test being positive (or abnormal) in animals that have the disease.
-Also tells you what % of animals of animals that have the disease will be missed by the test |
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What does it mean if a test is 90% sensitive?
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If 100 cats were tested for FeLV and know all are positive then 90 would test positive and 10 would test negative=false negatives
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A test with 90% sensitivity will detect ____ out of 100 truly infected animals.
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90
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What is the specificity?
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A measure of the frequency of the test being negative (or normal) in animals that DON'T have the disease
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If a test is 90% specific, what does that mean?
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100 positive results only 90 have disease, 10 are false positives
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A 90% specific will have normal (i.e. negative) test results in ____ out of 100 non-diseased animals.
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90
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Why are predictive values more reliable than sensitivity and specificity alone?
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Because they include prevalence of disease and likelihood of disease in animals tested
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What does the positive predictive value tell you?
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The % of animals with a positive (abnormal) test result will actually have the disease
*-need to know actual prevalence of disease |
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What does the negative predictive value tell you?
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What % of animals with a negative (normal) test actually don't have the disease
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What does it mean if a test has 99% sensitivity and 99% specificity with a population that has 1% incidence of disease?
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Positive predictive value=50%
Negative predictive value=100% -Not very confident in finding diseased animals, but confident you can tell who doesn't have the disease |
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What does it mean if a test has 99% sensitivity and 99% specificity and the population has 75% incidence of disease?
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Positive predictive value=100%
Negative predictive value=97% -More confident in predicting animals w/ disease but not as confident in saying animals don't have disease |
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What is quality control?
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A program for insuring that laboratory results are accurate and precise
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Reference intervals are necessary for recognition of _______.
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Abnormal
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How does exercising affect blood work?
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Increases the PCV
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What is accuracy?
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How close the result is to the true value
-Can tell by using a known control and run it through your analyzer to make sure results are within established acceptable range |
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How often should you run controls?
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At least once a day
-Keep a record |
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What should you do if the control reading is outside of the control limit?
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Reject results from this test and trouble shoot
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What is the definition of precision?
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Measure of how repeatable the result is when assaying the same sample
-Graph results to assess precision |
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A laboratory test result can't be any better than the _____.
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Sample
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What are 4 examples of poor/incorrect sample submission?
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1) Blood clotted
2) Plasma instead of serum 3) Wrong tubes 4) Storage/stability (not all analytes are stable at room temperature) |
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What are 3 factors that can affect blood results that does not have to do with incorrect handling (more related to patient)?
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1) Hemolysis
-Causes alteration in serum enzyme activity, protein, K+, and phosphorous values 2) Icterus -Can cause decrease in serum creatinine 3) Lipemia -Postprandial (after meal) -Patients should be fasted for 8-12 h |
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What are 3 reasons that serum must be separated from cells promptly when running blood work?
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1) Glucose is consumed
2) Cells may leak AST, K+ and Pi 3) Cells produce lactate |
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What is an example of iatrogenic factors that affect blood work?
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1) Therapeutic and endogenous T4 are measured equally w/ a serum T4 assay
2) Anti-inflammatory steroids and anticonvulsants are common hepatotoxic therapies that cause increase in serum ALT and AP. |
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If you're unsure as to how to submit a sample, what should you do?
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Contact your laboratory!!!!!!
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