Quantative Analysis_Lab & Lecture 2: Equipment

Front 1

What are different grades of water used for?

Back 1

Purity depends on the amount of biological and dissolved organic and inorganic material in water.

1. Type I - used for qualitative and quantitative analysis, electrophoresis, toxicology screening, buffers, solution, standards, and controls

2. Type II - used in reagents that have preservatives or have been sterilized & in most stains

3. Type III - used for washing glassware,and preliminary rinsing of glassware.

Front 2

Briefly describe the distillation process?

What it removes?

Back 2

Separation of components in a mixture based on different boiling points.

-removes bacteria, particulate matter, dissolved ionized solids and some dissolved organic contaminants.

-Does not get rid of dissolved ionized gases, i.e. ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine and low boiling point organic compounds.

Front 3

Briefly describe the deionization process?

What it removes?

Back 3

Deionization water passes thru cation & anion exchange resins.

-Removes dissolved ionized gases & solids but not other contaminants

-Ineffective for other contaminants

Front 4

Briefly describe the reverse osmosis process?

What it removes?

Back 4

Reverse osmosis forces water under pressure thru a semi-permeable membrane. Leaves some stuff behind that can be further purified by deionization.

-Removes bacteria (microbial and viral) and dissolved organic and ionic contaminants

-Does not remove dissolved gases.

Front 5

Briefly describe the ultrafiltration process?

What it removes?

Back 5

Ultrafiltration passes water thru semi-permeable membrane

-removes particulate matter, emulsified solids, most bacteria, & pyrogens.

-Does not remove dissolved ionized solids, gases, or most organic contaminants.

Front 6

Briefly describe the Ultraviolet oxidation and sterilization process?

What it removes?

Back 6

185 nm for oxidation and 254 nm for sterilization

-used after the other processes to further remove trace amounts of organic contaminants & bacteria.

Front 7

What chemical grades (defined by ACS) are used in the clinical lab?

Back 7

Analytical or reagent grade are required for quantitative and qualitative clinical lab use.

Commercial grade are not suitable for analytical work.

Front 8

What are chemical grades (defined by IUPAC)?

Back 8

1. Atomic weight standards (grade A)

2. Ultimate standards (grade B)

3. Primary standards (grade C)
- less than 0.002% impurities

4. Working standards (grade D)
- less than 0.05% impurities

5. Secondary standards
-standardized by acceptable reference method with primary standard used as reference material.

Front 9

What is the function of a dessicant?

List two common examples.

Back 9

Functions to absorb and remove water from the air or from another substance.

Examples: Silica gel and anhydrous calcium sulfate (Drierite)

Front 10

When is glass preferred?

Back 10

1. Organic solvents attack plastic, and must be stored in glass containers

Example: used in HPLC and gas-liquid chromatography because solvents attack the plastic.

Front 11

When is plastic preferred?

Back 11

1. Some analytes adhere to glass, so must be stored in plastic containers

2. Solutions with a pH > 6.0 (alkaline) can attack glass.

3. Glass absorbs metal ions, e.g sodium ions (altering concentration in standard solutions)

Front 12

What is the property and purpose of Borosilicate (Kimax or Pyrex)?
______________________________
A Type of Glass

Back 12

Properties: Relatively inert, high resistance to heat and cold shock.

Purpose: All purpose

Front 13

What is the property and purpose of Aluminosilicate (Corex)?
______________________________
A Type of Glass

Back 13

Properties: 6fold stronger than borosilicate glass, scratch resistant, resistant to alkaline etching

Purpose: Used under conditions of stress.

Front 14

What is the property and purpose of High silica?
______________________________
A Type of Glass

Back 14

Properties: tolerant to heat, chemicals, & electrical stress.

Purpose: You’ll use for UV spec work. For high precision analytical work, optical reflectors, and mirrors.

Front 15

What is the property and purpose of Boron free?
______________________________
A Type of Glass

Back 15

Properties: good for alkaline solutions but not heat resistant, soft.

Purpose: highly alkaline solutions

Front 16

What is the property and purpose of low actinic?
______________________________
A Type of Glass

Back 16

Properties: amber glass to protect solutions inside from UV light.

Purpose: Use for light sensitive materials

Front 17

What is the property and purpose of Flint?
______________________________
A Type of Glass

Back 17

Properties: soda-lime glass not resistant to heat or chemicals and can leach organic contaminants that may be present in a solution.

Purpose: used for disposable glassware items (e.g. pipets)

Front 18

What are advantages of polyolefins (i.e., polyethylene and polypropylene)?
_______________________________
A type of plastic

Back 18

polyolefins resistant to most acids, alkalis, & salts

Polyethylene – can’t be sterilized
Polypropylene – can be sterilized

Front 19

What are advantages of polycarbonate?
_______________________________
A type of plastic

Back 19

polycarbonates are stronger than polyolefins (e.g. polypropylene) with better temperature tolerance.

Used mostly for plastic centrifuge tubes

Front 20

What are advantages of Teflon?
_______________________________
A type of plastic

Back 20

Teflon have excellent temperature tolerance & chemical resistance, non-wettable

stiff and expensive, used for tubing or coating on probes in automated equipment to prevent carryover from one sample to another.

Front 21

What are advantages of PVC?
_______________________________
A type of plastic

Back 21

PVC is soft & flexible, porous, frequently used as tubing

Front 22

When the use of Class A glassware use required?

Back 22

Class A glassware is required for all clinical and analytical techniques.

Front 23

What are TC ("to contain") pipettes?

Back 23

-These pipets are calibrated to contain a specific amount of substanced.

-Need to be rinsed to obtain accurate amount.

Front 24

What are TD ("to deliver") pipettes?

What are the two types?

Back 24

These pipets are calibrated to deliver a calibrated volume by gravity alone - no rinsing.

Two types: "Blow out" (w/ frost bands) and "Not Blown Out" (no frostbands)

Front 25

List and describe three types of centrifuges?

Back 25

1. Swinging Bucket or Horizontal Head (e.g. Beckman)
-flat, compact pellet formed

2. Fixed angle (e.g. Immufuge or Serofuge)
- can acheive higher speeds, may form slanted pellet

3. Ultracentrifuges
- ultra high speeds.

Front 26

What is specific gravity?

Back 26

The ratio of the density of the substance to the density of a reference substance.

Front 27

What are components of the centrifuge?

Back 27

1. Head

2. Rotor/arm

3. Brushes

4. Carriers

5. Shaft

6.Timer

Front 28

How to calculate the RCF?

Back 28

RCF = 1.118 x 10^-5 * r *(rpm)^2

Front 29

How to minimize the risk of sample or reagent contamination?

Back 29

-All reagents are kepted at designated stations and never be taken to student deck

-Never put anything into stock bottle

-Do not take more reagent than is needed.

Front 30

What is the minimum info required to label samples?

Back 30

Example:

2.5% lactic acid
9/19/02
SSG

Front 31

How to properly clean glassware?

Back 31

1. Glassware is thoroughly rinse with tap water and soap.

2. Then rinsed 3 to 5 times with deionized water.

3. When clean, water drains in a continuous film.

4. Drying done on paper towels.

3.

Front 32

When to use manual pipets and automatic pipets?

Back 32

Manual pipets are best for volumes greater than or equal to 1.0 mL.

Automatic pipets are prefered for delivery of volumes less than 1.0 mL.